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2
Immunity: Two Intrinsic Defense Systems
4
Surface Barriers (First Line of Defense)
7
Internal Defenses (Second Line of Defense)
The body uses nonspecific cellular and chemical
devices to protect itself
1. Phagocytes
2. natural killer (NK) cells
3. Inflammatory response enlists macrophages, mast
cells, WBCs, and chemicals
4. Antimicrobial proteins in blood and tissue fluid
9
Mechanism of Phagocytosis
11
Figure 21.1a, b
2. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected
cells
Natural killer cells:
Are a small, distinct group of large granular lymphocytes
React nonspecifically and eliminate cancerous and virus-
infected cells
Kill their target cells by releasing perforins and other
cytolytic chemicals
Secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory
response
4 Positive
chemotaxis
Inflammatory
chemicals
diffusing from
the inflamed
site act as
chemotactic
1 Neutrophils agents
enter blood
from bone 3 Diapedesis
marrow 2 Margination
Endothelium
Capillary wall
Basal lamina
Figure
19
21.3
Chapter 21, Immune System
Flowchart of Events in Inflammation
Figure
20
21.2
Chapter 21, Immune System
4. Antimicrobial Proteins
Figure
23
21.4
Chapter 21, Immune System
Interferon Family
Interferons are a family of related proteins each with
slightly different physiological effects
Lymphocytes secrete gamma () interferon, but most
other WBCs secrete alpha () interferon
Fibroblasts secrete beta () interferon
Interferons also activate macrophages and mobilize
NKs
FDA-approved alpha IFN is used:
As an antiviral drug against hepatitis C virus
To treat genital warts caused by the herpes virus
Chapter 21, Immune System 24
4 b. Complement
Figure
29
21.5
Chapter 21, Immune System
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
Figure
40
21.6
Chapter 21, Immune System
Self-Antigens: MHC Proteins
Figure
45
21.7
Chapter 21, Immune System
T Cells
3 Mature (antigen-activated)
3 3 immunocompetent lymphocytes
circulate continuously in the
Activated bloodstream and lymph and
immunocompetent throughout the lymphoid organs of
B and T cells the body.
recirculate in blood
and lymph
Secreted antibodies:
Bind to free antigens
Mark the antigens for destruction by specific or
nonspecific mechanisms
Figure
62
21.11
Chapter 21, Immune System
Antibodies
Figure 66
21.12a, b
Chapter 21, Immune System
Antibody Structure
Figure
78
21.14
Chapter 21, Immune System
Importance of Humoral Response
Soluble antibodies
The simplest ammunition of the immune response
Interact in extracellular environments such as body
secretions, tissue fluid, blood, and lymph
Figure
84
21.15a
Chapter 21, Immune System
Class II MHC Proteins
Figure
93
21.16
Chapter 21, Immune System
T Cell Activation: Step Two – Co-stimulation
Before a T cell can undergo clonal expansion, it
must recognize one or more co-stimulatory signals
This recognition may require binding to other
surface receptors on an APC
Macrophages produce surface B7 proteins when
nonspecific defenses are mobilized
B7 binding with the CD28 receptor on the surface of
T cells is a crucial co-stimulatory signal
Other co-stimulatory signals include cytokines and
interleukin 1 and 2
Chapter 21, Immune System 94
T Cell Activation: Step Two – Co-stimulation
Examples include:
Perforin and lymphotoxin – cell toxins
Gamma interferon – enhances the killing power of
macrophages
Inflammatory factors
Figure
102
21.17a
Chapter 21, Immune System
Helper T Cell
Figure
104
21.17b
Chapter 21, Immune System
Cytotoxic T Cell (Tc)
Figure
110
21.19
Chapter 21, Immune System
Organ Transplants
Treatments include:
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT)
Protease inhibitors (saquinavir and ritonavir)
New drugs currently being developed that block
HIV’s entry to helper T cells
Chapter 21, Immune System 120
Autoimmune Diseases
Loss of the immune system’s ability to distinguish self from
nonself
The body produces autoantibodies and sensitized TC cells
that destroy its own tissues
Examples include:
multiple sclerosis
myasthenia gravis
Graves’ disease
Type I (juvenile) diabetes mellitus
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Glomerulonephritis
rheumatoid arthritis
Chapter 21, Immune System 121
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases
Figure
127
21.20
Chapter 21, Immune System
Anaphylaxis