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Cryogenic Theory and

Applications
Cryogenics - that branch of physics which deals
with the production of very low temperatures
and their effects on matter.
Oxford English Dictionary
2nd edition, Oxford University Press (1989)

Cryogenics - the science and technology of


temperatures below 120 K.
New International Dictionary of Refrigeration
3rd edition, IIF-IIR Paris (1975)
History of
Cryogenics
1877 - Cailletet and Pictet liquefied oxygen. This
was really the beginning of “cryogenics” as
an area separate from “refrigeration.”
1884 -Wroblewski (Kracow University, Poland) first
liquefied hydrogen as a mist.
1892 -Sir James Dewar (England) developed the
vacuum-insulated vessel for storage of
cryogenic fluids
1895 -Linde and Hampson built air liquefiers with
recuperative heat exchangers
History of
Cryogenics
1908 - H.K. Onnes first liquefied helium–the last
of the so-called “permanent gases” to be
liquefied
1926 - World’s first successful flight of a rocket
powered by cryogenic oxygen and non-
cryogenic gasoline propellant
1939 -First vacuum-insulated railway tank car built
for transport of liquid oxygen
1958 - Multilayer insulation (MLI) developed
History of
Cryogenics

1961 -Saturn launch vehicle, powered by liquid


oxygen and liquid hydrogen, was test-fired
1966 - He3/He4 dilution refrigerator developed
How does Cryogenics
work?
Principle is the same as using ice to
keep food cold for storage or transport-heat-
melts the ice, maintaining a constant
temperature until all ice melts.
What are Low Temperatures?

Adding reversibly heat dQ to the system results in a change of its


entropy dS with a proportionality factor T :

T = dQ/dS
v
vHigh temperature: heating produces small entropy change
v
vLow temperature: heating produces large entropy change
Providing a
Cryogenic
Environment :

vCooling with Cryogens


v
vMechanical Cooling
Cooling with Cryogens

-Heat is used in evaporating the liquid(Latent


heat)
-Heat is used in warming the gas(Sensible Heat)
Cryogenic Fluid Sources:


•Air

•Natural Gas

•Minerals




Argon
GAR

N2
Loading and D
GAN
Main H.E. Internal Liquefier
Cryogenic Distillation Column
GAN LIN
Warm

Vaporizer
GOX

Cool
LAr
O2
Ar Purifier

LOX
Air
Filter D.C. Cooler Mol. Product
Sieve Unit
Storage
Condensed Air

Liquid H2O CO2, HCs, Other


Compressor Impurities
&
Soluble Impurities
Characteristic Temperatures of Typical Cryogenic Fluids

Cryogen Triple Normal Critical


Methane Point(K)
90.7 Boiling
111.6 Point(K)
190.5
Oxygen 54.4 Point(K)
90.2 154.6
Argon 83.8 87.3 150.9
Nitrogen 63.1 77.3 126.2
Neon 24.6 27.1 44.4
Hydrogen 13.8 20.4 33.2
Helium 2.2* 4.2 5.2
Properties of He and N2 compared to H2O
Property He N2 H2O
Normal boiling point[K] 4.2 77 373
Critical temperature[K] 5.2 126 647
Critical pressure [bar] 2.3 34 221
Liq./Vap. density (*) 7.4 175 1600
Heat of vaporization (*)[J/g] 20.4 199 2260

Liquid viscosity (*) [μPl] 3.3 152 278

(*) at Normal Boiling Point


Choosing the Right Cryogen: Economic Considerations

Amount of Cryogen Required to cool down 1kg of Iron

Cryogen Latent Heat Latent heat and


Only Enthalpy of Gas
LHe from 290 to 29.5L 0.75L
4.2K
LN2 from 290 to 0.45L 0.29L
77k
LHe from 77 to 1.46L 0.12L
4.2K
Heat Transfer and Thermal Design

Solid Conduction
Fourier’s law: Q=k(T)A(dt/dx)

k(T): thermal conductivity[W/m.K]

Integral Form:
Q=(A/L)

Convection

Nu=ƒ(Π ρ ,Ρ ε )

Ρ α δ ι α τ ι ο ν
Θ=ε σ ΑΤ 4

σ (Σ τ ε φ α ν Βο λ τ ζ µ αν ν
χ ο ν σ τ α ν τ )= 5.67ξ 10−8 Ω µ −2 Κ −4
ε = ε µ ι σ σ ι ϖι τ ψ
Schematic Of a Cryostat
Mechanical Cooling

-Principle is similar to that of the common


refrigerators
Thermodynamics of Refrigeration

To=300k Q o = Qi + W (1)

(Qo /To)≥ (Qi /Ti) (2)


Qo
W :mechanical
Work From (1) to (2)
R
W ≥ To (Qi /Ti)- Qi (3)

W≥ ∆ Ε (4)
Qi
: ∆ Ε = To (Qi /Ti)- Qi
Ti
The Basic System : Mechanical Cryocoolers

PL , T h

Heat Exchangers
PL , Ph , TL PL , T’L
Th
Compressor
Ph , Th Expansion
Valve
Refrigeration Load
Temperature Measuring Devices:

-Measures property of a matter as a function of temperature

•Constant Volume Gas Thermometer



•Acoustic Gas Thermometer

•Dielectric Constant Gas Thermometer

•Vapor Pressure Thermometer
Vapor Pressure Thermometer(VPT)

Gauge

Transducer

Bulb

Charge Valve
Cryogenic Applications
Cryogenic Applications

130,000m3
Liquid Natural
Gas Carrier

Invar τ α ν κ ω η ι χ η
η ο λ δ σ ΛΝΓ α τ
∼ 110κ
Cryogenic Applications

Space Shuttle

:100T LH2

:600T LO2
Cryogenic Applications

Cryogenic Metal Processing and


Treatment

Changes retained Austenite to Martensite which


then increases wear resistance and thus, improves the life
of the material.
Cryogenic Applications
Other Cryogenic Applications

vMetal Processing
vSuperconductivity
vFood Industry
-Faster Cooling
-Gum hardening
-Transport of Food
vVacuum Creation
vMedical Diagnosis
vTransport
Thank You!!!

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