Topic

Diabetes

Presented By
Aqsa Anwer Khan
2016-mscbc-008
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Metabolism
 Types
 Symptoms
 Preventions
 Complications
 Test
 References
 DIABETES
 It is a group of metabolic diseases
 Person has a high blood glucose level
 Because insulin production is abnormal
 Impaired insulin utilization
 Or both of the above

Kitabchi, AE (July 2009)

 Normal Insulin Metabolism
 Produced by the beta cells in the islets of langherans of
the pancreas
 Facilitates normal glucose range of 3.9-6.7 mmol/L
 Promotes glucose transport from the bloodstream
across the cytoplasm
 What happen if there is problem with
production of insulin
 Glucose in blood is not able to go in to the cell
 The cell can not meets energy needs
 Energy is provided from Fat and Protein
 Using Fat as the energy source results the incresing of
Ketone in the body
 With the usage of protein as the energy source the patient
feels tired and sluggish

Rippe (2010)
Types Of Diabetes

 There are four types of Diabetes

 Type 1 or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
 Type 2 or Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
 Impaired Glucose Metabolism or Pre-Diabetes
 Gestational Diabetes

Picot,(200
9)
 Type 1 Diabetes
 Most often occurs in
people under 30
 Peak onset between ages
11 and 13
 The body does not
produce Insulin
 Progressive destruction
of pancreatic Beta cells
SYMPTOMS

 Weight loss
 Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
 Polyuria (frequent urination)
 Polyohagia (excessive hunger)
 Weakness and Fatigue

Cash, Jill (2014)

Preventions
 Patient with Type 1 Diabetes will need to take Insulin
injections for the rest of their life
 They must also ensure proper blood glucose level
 By carrying out regular blood test
 By following special diet schedule

Frank B (7 June 2014)

 Type 2 Diabetes
 The body does not produce
enough Insulin for proper
function
 Results in Hyperglycemia
 Approximately 90% of all cases
of Diabetes worldwide of this
type
 Usually occurs in people over 40
years old

Cooke DW (November 2008 )

SYMPTOMS
 Non-specific symptoms
 Fatigue
 Recurrent Infections
 Visual Changes
Preventions
 By losing body weight
 Following healthy diet
 Doing plenty of exercise
 Monitoring blood glucose level

Rockefeller, J. D. (2015)
 Pre-Diabetes
There are two conditions for this type
 Impaired Glucose Tolerance
 In which blood glucose level is higher than normal
 But it is not too high that we classified as a diabetic patient
 Impaired Fasting Glucose
 In this type blood glucose level is escalated in fasting state
 This level is not too high
 So we can not classified as diabetes

Parker, Katrina (2008 )

 GESTATIONAL DIABETES
 This type affects female during pregnancy
 Detected at 24-28 weeks at gestation
Undiagnosed and uncontrolled gestational diabetes can
lead to
 High risk of cesarean delivery
 Complications for child

Brancati FL (August 2001)

Preventions
 This type of diabetes can be controlled by
 Maintain proper diet
 Regular Exercise
 Regular check blood glucose level
 Complications OF DIABETES

 Heart diseases
 Strokes
 Feet
 Eye diseases
 Renal failure
How Does Diabetes Transmit ?

 Genetic makeup
 Family history
 Health
 Environmental Factors
 Obesity
 Stress
 Test For Diagnosed

 Blood test in lab for

analysis blood is used
 Glucose mesuring
device(finger stick)
 Hemoglobin A1C test
 Random Plasma glucose
 Glucose challenge test
(gestational type)
 References
 http:www.diabetes.org
 http:www.heart.org
 http:www. slidesshare.net.
 Kitabchi, AE; Umpierrez, GE; Miles, JM; Fisher, JN (July 2009)
 Shoback, edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores (2011)
 Rippe, edited by Richard S. Irwin, James M. (2010)
 Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L (2014)
 Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM (Aug 18, 2016)
 Cooke DW, Plotnick L (November 2008)
 Verrotti A, Scaparrotta A, Olivieri C, Chiarelli F (December 2012)
 Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E,
Lawlor DA, Selvin E, Stampfer M, Stehouwer CD, Lewington S, Pennells L, Thompson
A, Sattar N, White IR, Ray KK, Danesh J (2010)