Submitted by ,

M.Maharaja
Introduction
 Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered machines in industry
 simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
 wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10
MW
 run essentially as constant speed from zero to full load
 speed is power source frequency dependent
 not easy to have variable speed control
 requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
Construction
 An induction motor has two main parts
 a stationary stator
 consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical
core
 core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the
stator winding

Stator of IM
Construction
 a revolving rotor
 composed of punched laminations, stacked to
create a series of rotor slots, providing space for the
rotor winding
 one of two types of rotor windings
 conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated
wire (wound-rotor) » similar to the winding on the
stator
 aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by
two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage
shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
 Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
 squirrel-cage
 wound-rotor
Types of Induction Motors
 The types of induction motors can be classified depending
on whether they are a single phase or three phase induction
motor.
 Single Phase Induction Motor
 The types of single phase induction motors include:
 Split Phase Induction Motor
 Capacitor Start Induction Motor
 Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run Induction Motor
 Shaded Pole Induction Motor
 Three Phase Induction Motor
 The types of three phase induction motors include:
 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
 Slip Ring Induction Motor
Construction Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
Construction
Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings

Brushes
 Rotating Magnetic Field
 Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees form
each other, fed by balanced three phase
source
 A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed
120 f e
nsync  rpm
P

Where fe is the supply frequency and P is

the no. of poles and nsync is called the
synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions per
minute)
Rotating Magnetic Field
Principle of operation
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows
in the rotor windings
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
 ind  kBR  Bs

Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
Induction motor speed
 At what speed will the IM run?
 Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
 If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
 When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Induction motor speed
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
 The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip

nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
The Slip
nsync  nm
s
Where s is the slip nsync
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
Power losses in Induction machines
 Copper losses
 Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
 Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
 Core loss (Pcore)
 Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
 How this power flow in the motor?
SUMMARY
 Operation of the induction motor is based on the ingenious
principle of induction of EMFs and currents in the rotor that is
not directly connected to any supply source. Three-phase
currents in stator windings produce a
revolving magnetic field, whose angular velocity, called a
synchronous velocity of the motor, is proportional to the supply
frequency and inversely proportional to the number of pole
pairs. The latter parameter, an integer, depends on the
configuration of the windings, and it determines the field
pattern. The rotor rotates with a speed different than that of the
field. Consequently, lines of magnetic flux intersect rotor
conductors, inducing the EMFs and currents. Slip, s, which is the
relative difference of speeds of the field and rotor, is one of the
most important quantities defining operating conditions of an
induction machine.