PHILIPPINE

POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
WHAT IS POLITICS?

• Refers to the practice and theory of influencing other people, which oftentimes is directed
towards decision making or policy formulation but at times results in conflicts or conflict
ridden situations.
• Involves the making of a common decision for a group of people, that is a uniform decision
applying in the same way to all members of the group but not all the times agreeable to
everyone.
• Involves the use of power by one person to affect the behavior and manner of thinking of
other individual.
• Narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance– organized control
over a human community, particularly a state.
 ETYMOLOGY

• Came from the Greek word “polis” which means city state, as it refers to the activities that
revolve within a city state.
• it was Latinized as “Polettiques”, thus it became “politics” in Middle English.The singular politic
first attested in English 1430 and comes from Middle French politique, in turn from Latin politicus,
which is the Latinization of the Greek politikos, meaning amongst the others “of, for, or relating to
citizens”, “civil”, “civic” belonging to the state.
OTHER
DEFINITIONS OF
POLITICS
CHANCELLOR OTTO
VON BISMARCK OF
GERMANY

Politics is the art or science of government,

the art or science concerned with guiding or
influencing governmental policy and the art
or science that is concerned with winning
and holding control over a government.

-- the art Bismarck had in mind was;

The art of government, the exercise of
control within the society through the
making and enforcement of collective
decisions.
 2. politics may broadly refer to political actions, practices
or policies or political affairs or business especially
competition between competing interest groups or
individuals for power and leadership (as in a government)
or political life especially as a principal activity or
profession, and political activities characterized by artful
and often dishonest practices.
HAROLD
LASSWELL

• An activity that generally refers

to an “act of getting what, when
and how in the government.”
DAVID EASTON

• “politics as the authoritative allocation of

values”
• By this, he means that politics encompasses
the various processes through which
government responds to pressures from
the larger society, in particular by allocating
benefits, rewards or penalties. Authoritative
values” are therefore ones that are widely
accepted in society, and are considered
binding by the mass of citizens.
Politics is what takes place within a
polity, a system of social
organization centered upon the
machinery of government. Politics is
there for practiced in cabinet
rooms, legislative chambers,
government departments, and the
like and it is engage in by a limited
and specific group of people,
notably politicians, civil servants and
lobbyists.
THE PEOPLE DON’T KNOW THEIR TRUE POWER
POLITICS AS COMPROMISE AND CONSENSUS

• Politics is seen as a particular means of resolving conflict, that is, by compromise,

conciliation and negotiation, rather, than through force and violence. Thereby a ‘Political’
solution to a problem implies discussions, debates and other peaceful means, as opposed
to what I known as a ‘military’ solution. Such a view is based on the faith that peaceful
dialogues can be effective means of conflict resolution. It stresses on the possibility of
consensus or agreement on major issues and denies that conflicts are irreconcilable.
WHY IS POLITICS ESSENTIAL?

• It gives rise to conflict essential for the mobilization of Citizen awareness, participation,
dynamism and empowerment.
• Politics allows greater involvement of the polity with the affairs and decisions that
concerns them.
• Politics serve as an “eye opener” for a more vibrant and involved citizenry.
• Politics also can serve as a way of letting truth come out and while it may be a
painstaking process, it serves to make the government responsive to the needs of the
people and the people to be more appreciative of the efforts of the government officials.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
A systematic and Academic View of Politics
WHAT IS POLITICAL SCIENCE?

• Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the
analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior. It deals extensively
with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of
the distribution of power and resources.
• the systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific
methods of analysis.
• it is above all the study of power: how it is created, exercised, justified, and challenged.
SUBFIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. Comparative politics
2. International political economy
3. International relations
4. Political theory
5. Public administration
6. Public law
7. Political methodology
1. COMPARATIVE POLITICS

• Comparative politics is a field and a method used in political science, characterized by an

empirical approach based on the comparative method. In other words comparative politics
is the study of the domestic politics, political institutions, and conflicts of countries.
• It often involves comparisons among countries through time within single countries ,
emphasizing key patterns of similarities and differences.
• Comparative government- comparative study of forms of government.
• Comparative foreign policy- comparing foreign policies of different States in order to establish
general empirical connections between the characteristics of the State and the characteristics
of foreign policy.
2. POLITICAL ECONOMY

• It Is an academic discipline within political science that analyzes economics and

international relations.
• It's an approach that stresses the importance of historical processes, structural forces
and institutions in shaping economic outcomes. PE also acknowledges the role values
play in influencing what economists choose to study, how they conduct their
investigations, and the policy implications of their research.
3. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OR AFFAIRS

• a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily
with foreign policies.
• It studies relations among countries, the role of sovereign states, inter-governmental
organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INs), non
governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs).
• An academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative because it
analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State.
4. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OR POLITICAL THEORY

• Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state, government,
politics, liberty, justice and the enforcement of a legal code by authority. It is an Ethics
applied to a group of people, and discusses how a society should be set up and how one
should act within a society.
• “political philosophy” often refers to a general view, or specific ethic, political belief of
attitude, about politics, synonymous to the term ”political ideology”.
5. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

• Public administration, the implementation of government policies. Today public

administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the
policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing,
coordinating, and controlling of government operations.
• This studies implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service
• Its fundamental goal is to advance management and policies so that government can
function.
6. PUBLIC LAW

• Part of law which governs relationships between individuals and the government, and
those relationships between individuals which are of direct concern to the society.
• It comprises constitutional law, administrative law, tax law and criminal law, as well as all
procedural law. In public law, mandatory law prevails. Law concerning relationships
between individuals belong to private law.
7. POLITICAL METHODOLOGY

• is a subfield of political science that studies the quantitative methods used to study
politics. It combines statistics, mathematics, and formal theory. Political methodology is
often used for positive research, in contrast to normative research. It is similar to
econometrics.
• it offers techniques for clarifying the theoretical meaning of concepts such as revolution
and for developing definitions of revolutions.
IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

• The importance of political science lies in the fact that all of us live within political systems and we
are affected by the changes in the global political economy. With the advent of globalization, there
has been a concomitant rise in the interest taken by the people of the world in understanding the
political systems of other countries. Hence, political scientists become valued and important as
they provide the lens through which we can understand the global political economy. There are
many universities that provide graduate and higher-level degrees in political science and in recent
years, because of the renewed interest in political science as a field of study, there are many takers
for these courses.
IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

• When you get into the political science you slowly learn about how political power
functions and how it is distributed. Furthermore, you learn how different governments
operate in their different political settings, how they interact with each other and how
rules are made, enforced and changed. All this is pretty important when you start
exploring the “what” and the “who” in politics, and of course of the “how” you slowly
begin to untangle the meaning and the formula of politics.
ACTIVITY NO. 1

• CREATE AN SLOGAN ABOUT HOW GOOD

POLITICS CAN AFFECT OUR DAILY LIVES.

• NOTE: TOMORROW WILL BE THE

SUBMISSION DAY. (JUNE 19, 2019)
GOVERNMENT
 GOVERNMENT

• A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often

a state.
• It is an agency and an instrument for change and mobilization.
• without a government, the State may be plunged into anarchy and chaos and the
government acts as a stabilizing factor to ensure that the order can be achieved both in
the State in particular as well as in the society in general.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF GOVERNMENT
CLASSIFICATIONS OF GOVERNMENTS

• A. According to the geopolitical distribution of power

- This corresponds to where the power to exercise governance
is located.
1. UNITARY SYSTEM

• Unitary state, a system of political

organization in which most or all of the
governing power resides in a centralized
government.
2. FEDERAL SYSTEM

• The power to govern is shared between

national, state and local levels. There are
central government that exists but there are
also autonomous states.
3. CONFEDERACY

• A loose organization of independent states held

together by a weak central government.
• It is a union of political units for common action
in relation to other units.
B. AS TO WHO POSSESS THE POWER TO
GOVERN

• This classification of governments corresponds to who

actually possess the power to govern. Traditionally, it is
classified as a government of “one” as in the case of
monarchial states, a government of a “few” as in
oligarchic rulings and a government of the “many” as in
the case of democracy.
A GOVERNMENT OF
“ONE”
1. Autocracy
a system of government by one person
with absolute power.

• Mussolini and Hitler are notorious

Autocratic leaders
EXAMPLES OF AUTOCRACY

A. Totalitarian Dictatorship
- A single leader seeks to control all
aspects of social and economic life.

• Fidel Castro- Former President and

Cuban strongman
B. DICTATORIAL RULE
• Is a form of government where a country is
ruled by one person or political entity, and
exercised through various mechanisms to
ensure the entity’s power remains strong.

• Ferdinand Marcos- President of the

Philippines from 1965-1986
2. MONARCHY

• Traditionally ascribed to the power to govern

given to Kings, Queens, Emperors, Czars, sultans,
and the like
A. ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

• Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in

which the monarch holds supreme authority and
where that authority is not restricted by any
written laws, legislature, or customs. These are
often hereditary monarchies
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY/LIMITED
MONARCHY

• In this type, the monarch does not possess the real power
to govern. Serves mainly as ceremonial leaders of their
governments. The power to govern is normally vested in
the hands of the President or the Prime Minister.
Example: The Queen of England Elizabeth II
A GOVERNMENT OF THE “FEW”

• Aristocracy- is a form of government that

places strength in the hands of a small,
privileged ruling class. The term derives from
the Greek aristokratia, meaning 'rule of the
best-born.
• Oligarchy- is a form of power structure in which
power rests with a small number of people.
These people may be distinguished by wealth,
family ties, education or corporate, religious,
political, or military control.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARISTOCRACY AND
OLIGARCHY
Aristocracy and oligarchy are two type of government systems
where the society is ruled by a few people. Although these two
systems share some similarities, there is a difference based on
the ruling party. Aristocracy is a form of government where
power is held by the nobility whereas oligarchy is a form of
government where power is held by a small group of people.
Nobility- the group of people belonging to the noble class
in a country, especially those with a hereditary or honorary title.
A GOVERNMENT OF THE “MANY”

• A. Democracy- is a system of government

where the citizens exercise power by voting.
• “government of the people, by the people, for
the people.”
• Democracy- literally, rule by the people.
B. DIRECT DEMOCRACY
• The people govern themselves by voting on issues individually
as citizens.
C. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
• The people elect representatives and give them the power to
make laws and conduct government.
• This is considered to be most efficient way to ensure the rights
of the individual citizen.
 FEATURES OF AN IDEAL DEMOCRACY

- At a minimum, an ideal democracy would have the following

features:
1. effective participation- before a policy is adopted or rejected,
the people have the opportunity to make their views about the
policy know to other members.
2. Equality in voting- people have the opportunity to vote for or
against the policy, and all the votes are counted as equal.
3. Informed electorate- people have the opportunity, within a
reasonable amount of time, to learn about the policy, and
about possible alternative policies and their likely
consequences.

4. Citizen control of the agenda- the people decide what

matters are placed on the decision making agenda and how
they are placed there.
5. Inclusion- each and everyone is entitled to participate in the
association in the ways just described.
6, Fundamental rights- each of the necessary features of ideal
democracy prescribes a right that is in itself a necessary feature
of ideal democracy, thus everyone has the right to communicate
with others, a right to have his vote counted equally with the
votes of others, a right to gather informations, a right to
participate on an equal footing with other members, and a right,
with other members to exercise control of the agenda.
Democracy, furthermore, consist of more than just political
processes, it is also necessarily a system of fundamental rights.
C. AS TO SOURCE OF POWER

• A. Hereditary- the monarch inherits the crown according in a

fixed rule of succession, determined either by a constitution, or
act of parliament, or by the rule of dynastic house or family to
which the monarch belongs.
• B. Elective- the voters elect the ruler through a popular
decision.
AS TO THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
1. PARLIAMENTARY
• A parliamentary system or parliamentary democracy is
a system of democratic governance of a state where
the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its
ability to command the confidence of the legislature,
typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to
that parliament
AS TO THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE

2. Presidential Government/Republican
- a system of government in which the
President is constitutionally independent of
the legislature.
E. AS TO ITS LEGALITY OR CONSTITUTIONALITY

• De Jure Government
- One which has the general support of the people
and exists according to the constitutional or other
legal process.
- is the legal, legitimate government of a state and
is so recognized by other states.
DE FACTO GOVERNMENT

• - A government of fact.
• describe practices that exist in reality, even
if not officially recognized by law.
 GOVERNANCE
• Refers to all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a
government, market or network, whether over a family tribe,
formal or informal organization or territory and whether
through laws, norms, power or language.
• Processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors
involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation,
reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and
institutions.
EIGHT ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
• Rule of Law- supports the demand for equity and fairness and
means to be impartial, not corrupt and to protect the human
rights of all.
• Transparency- in government is an important precondition for
good governance, and those decisions taken and their
enforcement are done in a manner that enough information is
provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms
and media.
• Equity and inclusiveness- A society’s well being depends on
ensuring that all men and women have opportunities to
improve or maintain their well-being. This requires all groups,
especially the most vulnerable, should have opportunities to
improve or maintain their standards of life.
• Effectivity and efficiency- good governance means processes
and institutions produce results that meet needs while making
the best use of resources. The concept of efficiency covers the
sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the
environment.
• Consensus Oriented- requires consultation to understand the
different interests of stakeholders in order to reach a broad
consensus of what is in the best interest of entire stakeholder
group, and how this can be achieved in a sustainable and
prudent manner.
• Accountability It is a key requirement of good governance. Both
public and private sector and civil society organizations must be
accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders.
An organization or an institution is accountable to those who
will be affected by its decisions or an institution is accountable
to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions.
Accountability can be enforced only with transparency and the
rule of law.
• Participation- good governance requires that civil society has
the opportunity to participate by both men and women during
the formulation of development strategies. This aspect of
governance is an essential element in securing commitment and
support for projects and enhancing the quality of their
implementation. Participation needs to be informed and
organized. This means freedom of association and expression
and an organized civil society should go hand in hand.
• Responsiveness- good governance requires the institutions to
serve all stakeholders in a given time-frame. There are several
actors and viewpoints and the different interests in society
needs mediation. The best interest of the community should be
analyzed and achieved which requires a broad and long-term
perspective on what is needed and how to achieve the goals of
sustainable development.