9.

2 MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA
AND ITS SALT
THE USES OF AMMONIA
 To manufacture
As a cleaning To manufacture
of synthetic
agent to nitrogenous
fibres such as
remove grease fertilisers
nylon

To produce Main uses Acts as a

ammonium cooling agent in
chloride of refrigerator
Ammonia
Raw material
As an alkali to for
prevent manufacturing
coagulation of Used for nitric acid in the
latex making Ostwald
explosive process
PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
VERY SOLUBLE
IN WATER.

PRODUCES
THICK WHITE
LESS DENSE FUMES WITH
THAN WATER. HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE,
HCL, GAS
PROPERTIES
OF
AMMONIA,
NH3.
HAS
CHARACTERIST
COLOURLESS ICS OF WEAK
GAS ALKALI WHEN
DISSOLVES IN
WATER, H2O.

PUNGENT
SMELL
MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA
1.Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this process,
ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas inthe volume ratio 1:3.
2.The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogen gasis
obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural gas,CH4, with
steam
.CH4(g) + H2O(g)CO(g) + 3H2(g)
3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under controlled
optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.i.Temperature: 450-500°Cii.Pressure: 200-500
atmospheresiii.Catalyst used: Iron fillings N
2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammoniagas. The
nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalystagain in
the reactor chamber.
5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into aliquid in
the cooling chamber
HABER PROCESS
PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM FERTILISERS
IN THE LABORATORY.

1. AMMONIUM FERTILISERS are nitrogeneous fertilisers that can

provide nitrogen elements to plants.
2. Example of ammonium salts used as fertilisers are ammonium
nitrate, NH4 NO3, ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2 SO4 and
ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3 PO4.
3. Ammonia, NH3, dissolves in water to form ammonia solution,
NH3 (aq) (aqueous ammonia).
4. NEUTRALISATION reaction between ammonia solution, NH3 (aq)
and acid solution produces ammonium, NH4+ salt which is used as
fertilisers.
PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
FERTILISERS.
NEUTRALISATION REACTION AMMONIUM SALT (FERTILISER)

Ammonia salt + phosphoric acid Ammonium phosphate

Ammonia salt + nitric acid Ammonium nitrate

Ammonia solution + sulphuric acid Ammonia sulphate

SOALAN SPM
SPM 2012 Q24
SOALAN SPM
SPM 2013 Q36
Dry ammonia gas is prepared in the laboratory by heating
ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide.
Which substance is used as a drying agent in the preparation?
A. Soda lime
B. Lime water
C. Calcium carbonate
D. Dilute nitric acid