FORTRAN 77

A Very Quick (and Incomplete) Review

… With Some
GrADS-related Examples

Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas
http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~alfredo/fortran/fortran.ppt
Notes from:
http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~manuals/programming/sun/fortran/f77rm/index.html

College Park, MD February 6, 2006

 Fortran Compilers at AOSC
• UNIX:
+ Type: f77
• Linux:
+Type: g77 (Gnu F77 compiler)
-Type man g77 for man pages
-Multiply by 4 any RECL
+Type: ifc (Intel FORTRAN compiler)
-Users Guide under the Documentation section
+ Type: ifort
-Not need for 4*RECL
 Elements of FORTRAN: Basic Terms

Some of the FORTRAN basic terms and concepts are:

• A program consists of one or more program units.

• A program unit is a sequence of statements, terminated by an END.

• A statement consists of zero or more key words, symbolic names, literal

constants, statement labels, operators, and special characters.

• Each key word, symbolic name, literal constant, and operator consists
of one or more characters from the FORTRAN character set.

• A character constant can include any valid ASCII character.

• A statement label consists of 1 to 5 digits, with at least one nonzero.

Elements of FORTRAN: Character Set

• The character set consists of the following:

• Uppercase and lowercase letters, A - Z
and a - z
• Numerals 0 - 9
• Special characters--The following list
shows some special characters:
 Elements of FORTRAN: Charater Set
• = Equals Assignment
• + Plus Adds
• - Minus Subtracts
• * Asterisk Multiply, alternate returns, comments, exponentiation,
stdin, stdout, list-directed I/O
• / Slash Divide, delimit data, labeled commons, structures, end-of-
record
• () Parenthesis Enclose expressions, complex constants,
equivalence groups, formats, argument lists, subscripts
• , Comma Separator for data, expressions, complex constants,
equivalence groups, formats, argument lists, subscripts
• . Period Decimal point, delimiter for logical constants and operators,
record fields
• ‘ Apostrophe Quoted character literal
• ! Exclamation Comments
Elements of FORTRAN: Simbolic Names
• Symbolic names can be any number of characters long. The standard is 6.
• Symbolic names consist of letters, digits, the dollar sign ($), and the
underscore character (_). $ and _ are not standard.
• Symbolic names generally start with a letter--never with a digit or dollar sign
($). Names that start with an underscore (_) are allowed, but may conflict
with names in the Fortran and system libraries.
• Uppercase and lowercase are not significant; the compiler converts them all
to lowercase.
Example: These names are equivalent:

SFCPRS = 1013.25
sfcprs = 1013.25
• The space character is not significant.
– Example: These names are equivalent:

IF(PRES.LT.SFCPRS) GO TO 1
IF (PRES .LT. SFCPRS) GO TO 1
Elements of FORTRAN: Symbolic Names
• Examples of symbolic names:
Valid Invalid
– X2 2X Starts with a digit
– DELTA_T _DELTA_T Starts with an _ (Reserved for the compiler)
– Y$DOT Y|DOT There is an invalid Character |

• In general, for any single program unit, different entities cannot have the same
symbolic name.

• Throughout any program of more than one programming unit, no two of the
following can have the same name:
Block data subprograms
Common blocks
Entry points
Function subprograms
Main program
Subroutines
Elements of FORTRAN: Programs and Statements

• Program
A program unit is a sequence of statements, terminated by an END statement. Every
program unit is either a main program or a subprogram. If a program is to be
executable, it must have a main program.There are three types of subprograms:
subroutines, functions, and block data subprograms. The subroutines and functions
are called procedures, which are invoked from other procedures or from the main
program. The block data subprograms are handled by the loader.
• Statements
A statement consists of one or more key words, symbolic names, literal constants,
and operators, with appropriate punctuation. In FORTRAN, no keywords are reserved
in all contexts. Most statements begin with a keyword; the exceptions are the
statement function and assignment statements.
• Executable or Nonexecutable Statements
Every statement is either executable or nonexecutable. In general, if a statement
specifies an action to be taken at runtime, it is executable. Otherwise, it is
nonexecutable.The nonexecutable statements specify attributes, such as type and
size; determine arrangement or order; define initial data values; specify editing
instructions; define statement functions; classify program units; and define entry
points. In general, nonexecutable statements are completed before execution of the
first executable statement.
Elements of FORTRAN: Fortran Statements
• ACCEPT* ASSIGN* Assignment* AUTOMATIC
• BACKSPACE* BLOCK DATA BYTE
• CALL* CHARACTER CLOSE* COMMON COMPLEX CONTINUE*
• DATA DECODE* DIMENSION DO* DO WHILE* DOUBLE COMPLEX DOUBLE PRECISION
• ELSE* ELSE IF* ENCODE* END* END DO* END FILE* END IF* END MAP END STRUCTURE
END UNION ENTRY EQUIVALENCE EXTERNAL
• FORMAT FUNCTION
• GOTO* GOTO (Assigned)* GOTO (Unconditional)*
• IF (Arithmetic)* IF (Block)* IF (Logical)* IMPLICIT INCLUDE INQUIRE* INTEGER INTRINSIC
• LOGICAL
• MAP
• NAMELIST
• OPEN* OPTIONS
• PARAMETER PAUSE* POINTER PRINT* PRAGMA PROGRAM
• REAL RECORD RETURN* REWIND*
• SAVE Statement Function STATIC* STOP* STRUCTURE SUBROUTINE*
• TYPE UNION VIRTUAL VOLATILE WRITE*

The asterisk (*) in the table indicates an executable statement.

 Elements of FORTRAN: Fixed Format
• The standard fixed format source lines are defined as follows:
– The first 72 columns of each line are scanned.
– The first five columns must be blank or contain a numeric label.
– Continuation lines are identified by a nonblank, nonzero in column 6.
– Short lines are padded to 72 characters.
– Long lines are truncated.

• Comments and Blank Lines:

– A line with a c, C, *, d, D, or! in column one is a comment line.The d, D,
and! are nonstandard.
– If you put an exclamation mark (!) in any column of the statement field,
except within character literals, then everything after the ! on that line is
a comment.
– A totally blank line is a comment line.
 Data Types

• Rules for Data Typing

The name determines the type; that is, the
name of a datum or function determines
its data type, explicitly or implicitly,
according to the following rules:
 Data Types
• The first letter of the name determines the
data type implicitly.
• The default implicit typing rule is that if the
first letter of the name is I, J, K, L, M, or N,
then the data type is integer, otherwise it
is real. Example:
GOD is REAL
… unless you specify it as an integer!
 CONSTANTS

• CHARACTER: ‘FILEN’
• INTEGER: 3, -9999, 1e10
– Must be in the range (-2147483648, 2147483647).
• REAL: 3.3, -9999., 1.5e8, 1e-3
– Must be in the range (1.175494E-38, 3.402823E+38)
– Real*8: 6D2, -25.3D-7
• Must be in the range (2.225074D-308, 1.797693D+308)
– Real*16: 6Q2, -25.3Q-7
• Must be in the range (3.362Q-4932, 1.20Q+4932)
• COMPLEX: (1,-2) or (1.3,0.4)
• LOGICAL: .TRUE. and .FALSE.
 Variables & Arrays
• Variables: A variable is a symbolic name paired with a
storage location. A variable has a name, a value, and a
type. Whatever datum is stored in the location is the
value of the variable.
• Arrays: An array is a named collection of elements of
the same type. It is a nonempty sequence of data and
occupies a group of contiguous storage locations. An
array has a name, a set of elements, and a type. You
can declare an array in any of the following statements:
– DIMENSION statement
– COMMON statement
– Type statements: BYTE, CHARACTER, INTEGER, REAL, and
so forth
 Variables & Arrays

• Arrays: Examples:
– DIMENSION LEVEL(10), T(72,73)
– REAL CORR(-3:3)
• In this case, CORR has 7 elements, with CORR(0)
being the 4th element.
 Expressions

• An expression is a combination of one or

more operands, zero or more operators,
and zero or more pairs of parentheses.
There are three kinds of expressions:
– An arithmetic expression evaluates to a single
arithmetic value.
– A character expression evaluates to a single
value of type character.
– A logical or relational expression evaluates to
a single logical value.
 Expressions

• Arythmetic operators:
– ** Exponentiation
– * Multiplication
– / Division
– + Addition or Unary Plus
– -Subtraction or Unary Minus
– Precedence from left to right: 1) **, 2) *, /, 3)
+, -, except when parenthesis are involved
 Expressions
• Character operators:
– // Concatenation:
• a//b, where a, b are characters, or ‘file’//’name’
• Logical operators:
– X.AND.Y Conjunction: Both X & Y are true
– X.OR.Y Disjunction: Either X or Y or both are True.
– …
• Relational operators:
– .LT. Less than
– .LE. Less than or equal
– .EQ. Equal
– .NE. Not equal
– .GT. Greater than
– .GE. Greater than or equal
 Expressions
• A constant expression is made up of explicit constants
and parameters and the FORTRAN operators. Each
operand is either itself another constant expression, a
constant, a symbolic name of a constant, or one of the
intrinsic functions called with constant
arguments.Examples: Constant expressions:

– PARAMETER (L=29002), (P=3.14159), (C='along the ')

– PARAMETER ( I=L*2, V=4.0*P/3.0, S=C//'riverrun' )
– PARAMETER ( M=MIN(I,L), IA=ICHAR('A') )
– PARAMETER ( Q=6.4Q6, D=2.3D9 )
– K = 66 * 80
– VOLUME = V*10**3
– DO I = 1, 20*3
 Input and Output
• Two kinds of I/O are:
– formatted,
– Unformatted.
• The two modes of access to files are
– Sequential, and
– direct.
– When you open a file, the access mode is set to either sequential or
direct. If you do not set it explicitly, you get sequential by default.
• The two types of files are:
– External, and
– internal files.
– An external file resides on a physical peripheral device, such as disk or
tape. An internal file is a location in main memory, is of character type,
and is either a variable, substring, array, array element, or a field of a
structured record.
 Format Specifiers
• For formatted write statements, if the external representation of a datum is
too large for the field width specified, the specified field is filled with
asterisks (*).
• For formatted read statements, if there are fewer items in the list than there
are data fields, the extra fields are ignored.
• The most common format codes are:
– A - text string
– D - double precision numbers, exponent notation
– E - real numbers, exponent notation
– F - real numbers, fixed point format
– I - integer
– X - horizontal skip (space)
– / - vertical skip (newline)
• F, D, &E codes have the general form: Fw.d, Dw.d, Ew.d
– w denotes the field width,
– d denotes the number of significant digits
• I & A codes have the form: Iw, Aw
 Intrinsic Functions

• Arithmetic:
– ABS, AINT, EXP, NINT, MOD, SQRT, …
• Type Conversion:
– INT, FLOAT, CMPLX, …
• Trigonometric:
– COS, ASIN, …
 Examples

• example1.f : General
• example2.f : General
• example3.f : Using functions
• example4.f : Using subroutines
• example5.f : Using external routines
 example1.f
• *234567******************* example1.f **************************
• * A tiny program to plot my running times using GrADS *
• ****************************************************************
• *

Nonexecutable
• PARAMETER(NDAYS=365, UNDEF=-9.99, EMPTY=0.00)
• C
• Changing to REAL
REAL MIN(NDAYS)
• DIMENSION SEC(NDAYS)
• C
• CHARACTER*27 HEADER
• CHARACTER*3 DAY
• CHARACTER*28 PATH
• C
• PATH='/data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/'
• C
• OPEN(1,FILE=PATH//'runtimes.data',FORM='FORMATTED',
• - STATUS=‘OLD')
Sequential (by default)
 Undefined value
example1.f
• READ (1,2) HEADER runtimes.data
• WRITE(*,2) HEADER DAY DATE MIN SEC
• WRITE(*,2) '----------------------------' MON 01072002 -9.99 -9.99
• C TUE 02072002 -9.99 -9.99
• ND = 0 WED 03072002 19.00 43.00
THU 04072002 19.00 33.00
• 1 CONTINUE
FRI 05072002 19.00 33.00
• ND = ND+1 SAT 06072002 19.00 27.00
• READ (1,3,END=4) DAY,DATE,MIN(ND),SEC(ND) SUN 07072002 -9.99 -9.99
• WRITE(*,3) DAY,DATE,MIN(ND),SEC(ND) MON 08072002 19.00 46.00
• IF((MIN(ND).EQ.EMPTY).AND.(SEC(ND).EQ.EMPTY)) GO TO. 4 ..
• GO TO 1 TUE 15102002 29.00 7.00
• 4 CONTINUE WED 16102002 -9.99 -9.99
THU 17102002
• ND = ND - 1 !Taking away the last line because is blank
FRI 18102002
• CLOSE(1) SAT 19102002
• 3 FORMAT(A3,2X,I8,2X,F5.2,2X,F5.2) SUN 20102002
• WRITE(*,*)'-------------------------------------------' MON 21102002
• WRITE(*,*)'I AM RUNNING SINCE JULY 1, 2002!!!!!' TUE 22102002
• WRITE(*,*)'THAT IS',ND,' DAYS AGO' WED 23102002
• C THU 24102002
• FRI 25102002
No value SAT 26102002
SUN 27102002
 example1.f
• OPEN(2,FILE=PATH//'runtimes_gr.data',ACCESS='DIRECT',
• - STATUS='UNKNOWN',FORM='UNFORMATTED',RECL=1)
• C
• NDNOR = 0
• NDSIR = 0
• DO N = 1, ND
• IF((MIN(N).EQ.UNDEF).OR.(SEC(N).EQ.UNDEF)) THEN
• TIME = UNDEF
• NDNOR = NDNOR + 1
• ELSE
• TIME = MIN(N)+SEC(N)/60.
• NDSIR = NDSIR + 1
• ENDIF
• WRITE(2,REC=N) TIME
• ENDDO
•
 example1.f
• WRITE(2,REC=ND+1) UNDEF !Just adding 1 and 2 extra
• WRITE(2,REC=ND+2) UNDEF !blank lines for plotting purposes
• CLOSE(2)
• WRITE(*,*)'WELL,',NDSIR,' DAYS LEAVING FOR A RUN'
• WRITE(*,*)'AND',NDNOR,' DAYS JUST BEING LAZY'
• WRITE(*,*)'-------------------------------------------'
• WRITE(*,*)'make ',ND+2,' days in the script file:'
• WRITE(*,*)'grads -blc "run runtimes.gs"'
• C
• 2 FORMAT(A27)
• C
• C f77 example1.f
• C ./a.out
• END
 Output on Screen:
example1.f
DAY DATE MIN SEC
---------------------------
MON 1072002 -9.99 -9.99
TUE 2072002 -9.99 -9.99
…
WED 16102002 -9.99 -9.99
THU 17102002 0.00 0.00
-------------------------------------------
I AM RUNNING SINCE JULY 1, 2002!!!!!
THAT IS 108 DAYS AGO
WELL, 75 DAYS LEAVING FOR A RUN GrADS ctl file
AND 33 DAYS JUST BEING LAZY
-------------------------------------------
make 110 days in the script file:
grads -blc "run runtimes.gs"
Fortran way to write it
DSET /data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/runtimes_gr.data
UNDEF -9.99
TITLE My running times. Seconds have been divided by 60 to make them
* decimal
*
XDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1
YDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1 OPEN(2,FILE=PATH//'runtimes_gr.data',ACCESS='DIRECT',
ZDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1 - STATUS='UNKNOWN',FORM='UNFORMATTED',RECL=1)
TDEF 365 LINEAR 1jul2002 1dy DO N = 1, ND
* WRITE(2,REC=N) TIME
VARS 1 ENDDO
a 1 99 times in minutes
ENDVARS
example1.f
• *234567
example2.f
• *************************** example2.f *******************************
• ***** A LITTLE PROGRAM TO READ index_19502000.txt CONTAINING THE
• ***** FOLLOWING FORMATED DATA
• *
• * STANDARDIZED NORTHERN HEMISPHERE TELECONNECTION INDICES
• * The anomalies are standardized by the 1950-2000 base period
• * monthly means and standard deviations, then a RPCA is applied.
• * From: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/teledoc/telecontents.shtml

• *column 1: Year (yy)

• *column 2: Month (mm)
• *column 3: North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
• *column 4: East Atlantic Pattern (EA)
• *column 5: East Atlantic Jet Pattern (EA-JET)
• *column 6: West Pacific Pattern (WP)
• *column 7: East Pacific Pattern (EP)
• *column 8: North Pacific Pattern (NP)
• *column 9: Pacific/ North American Pattern (PNA)
• *column 10: East Atlantic/West Russia Pattern (EA/WR)
• *column 11: Scandinavia Pattern (SCA)
• *column 12: Tropical/ Northern Hemisphere Pattern (TNH)
• *column 13: Polar/ Eurasia Pattern (POL)
• *column 14: Pacific Transition Pattern (PT)
• *column 15: Subtropical Zonal Pattern (SZ)
• *column 16: Asia Summer Pattern (ASU)
 example2.f
• *
• *PATTERN VALUES ARE SET TO -9.9 FOR MONTHS IN WHICH THE PATTERN IS
• *NOT A LEADING MODE
•
• C
• PARAMETER(NTMI=612) ! MONTHS IN THE FILE
• PARAMETER(NMI=97, NMF =588) ! MONTHS TO BE READ
• PARAMETER(NTM=NMF-NMI+1) ! FROM 01/1958 TO 12/1998
• C
• REAL NAO(NTMI), NPP(NTMI)
• C Changing to REAL Nonexecutable
• DIMENSION IYR(NTMI), MES(NTMI), EAP(NTMI), EAJP(NTMI)
• DIMENSION WPP(NTMI), EPP(NTMI), PNAP(NTMI), EAWRP(NTMI)
• DIMENSION SP(NTMI), TNHP(NTMI), PEP(NTMI), PTP(NTMI), SZP(NTMI)
• DIMENSION ASP(NTMI)
• DIMENSION X(NTM), Y(NTM), KYEAR(NTM)
• C
• CHARACTER*28 PATH
• C
• C
• PATH='/data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/'
• C
• C READING INDEX VALUES
• C
 example2.f
Sequential (by default)
• WRITE(*,*)'READING DATA FILE'
• OPEN(1,FILE=PATH//'index_19502000.txt',STATUS='OLD')
• C
• DO M = 1, NTMI
• READ(1,1) IYR(M), MES(M), NAO(M), EAP(M), EAJP(M),
• - WPP(M), EPP(M), NPP(M), PNAP(M), EAWRP(M),
• - SP(M), TNHP(M), PEP(M), PTP(M), SZP(M), ASP(M)
• ENDDO
• CLOSE(1)
• 1 FORMAT(2I4,14F5.1)
• C 14 REAL F5.1 numbers
• WRITE(*,*)'READING THE PERIOD OF INTEREST'
• DO I = NMI, NMF 2 INTEGER I4 numbers
• J = I-NMI+1 index_19502000.txt
• X(J) = NAO(I) 1950 1 1.1 -0.3 -9.9 -1.6 -1.0 -9.9 -2.2 3.1 0.4 1.4 -1.6 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
• KYEAR(J) = IYR(I) 1950 2 0.7 1.3 -9.9 -0.7 0.2 -9.9 -0.2 -0.7 -0.8 -9.9 0.1 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
• ENDDO 1950 3 -0.1 0.1 -9.9 0.2 0.6 0.3 -0.3 0.5 0.5 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
• C 1950 4 0.0 0.0 0.1 -1.9 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.7 0.2 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
…
2000 9 0.8 0.4 -9.9 -2.1 -9.9 -9.9 -0.2 0.3 -0.2 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -0.7 -9.9
2000 10 1.1 0.6 -9.9 0.1 0.6 -9.9 -1.1 -0.7 2.1 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
2000 11 -0.7 0.6 -9.9 1.1 0.1 -9.9 0.6 -0.9 2.0 0.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
2000 12 -0.6 1.8 -9.9 0.7 -0.5 -9.9 1.1 0.1 0.7 1.2 -2.4 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
 example2.f
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'SAVING INDEX'
• OPEN(2,FILE=PATH//'naoindex_5898.txt',STATUS='UNKNOWN') Sequential (by default)
• OPEN(3,FILE=PATH//'naoindex_5898.dat',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
• OPEN(4,FILE=PATH//'naoindex_5898gr.dat',ACCESS='DIRECT',
• - STATUS='UNKNOWN',FORM='UNFORMATTED',RECL=1)
• DO I = 1, NTM
• WRITE(2,69) KYEAR(I), X(I)
• WRITE(3,*) X(I)
• WRITE(4,REC=I) X(I)
• ENDDO
• CLOSE(2)
• CLOSE(3)
• CLOSE(4)
• 69 FORMAT(1X,I4,1X,F5.1)
• C
• C f77 example2.f
• C ./a.out
• C
• END
 example2.f
Output on Screen:
READING DATA FILE
READING THE PERIOD OF INTEREST
SAVING INDEX

naoindex_5898.txt
1958 -1.7 OPEN(2,FILE=PATH//'naoindex_5898.txt',STATUS='UNKNOWN')
1958 -3.1 DO I = 1, NTM
1958 0.6 WRITE(2,69) KYEAR(I), X(I)
1958 -0.7 ENDDO naoindex_5898.dat
1958 -2.0 69 FORMAT(1X,I4,1X,F5.1) -0.7000000
1958 -1.5 -1.700000
1958 -1.8 -3.100000
… 0.6000000
1998 -2.0 -0.7000000
1998 -0.5 -2.000000
1998 -2.4 -1.500000
1998 0.0 …
1998 -0.7 -2.000000
1998 1.0 OPEN(3,FILE=PATH//'naoindex_5898.dat',STATUS='UNKNOWN') -0.5000000
DO I = 1, NTM -2.400000
WRITE(3,*) X(I) 0.0000000E+00
ENDDO -0.7000000
1.000000
 example2.f
DSET /data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/naoindex_5898gr.dat
UNDEF -9.99
TITLE CPS' Standardized NAO index
*
XDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1 GrADS ctl file
YDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1
ZDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1
TDEF 492 LINEAR 1jan1958 1mo
*
VARS 1
nao 0 99 NAO Index
ENDVARS
Fortran way to write it

OPEN(4,FILE=PATH//'naoindex_5898gr.dat',ACCESS='DIRECT',
- STATUS='UNKNOWN',FORM='UNFORMATTED',RECL=1)
DO I = 1, NTM
WRITE(4,REC=I) X(I)
ENDDO
example2.f
 example3.f
• ****************** example3.f ******************
• *234567
• * This little program calculates the binomial coefficients
• * for a given exponent, and the binomial weights for a possible
• * filtering of a data set.
• *
• PARAMETER (NP=12)
Nonexecutable
• DIMENSION BW(NP), C(NP)
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'GETTING Cs & Bs' function
• DO M = 1, NP+1
• MM = M - 1
• C(M) = FACT(NP)/(FACT(MM)*FACT(NP-MM))
• BW(M) = C(M)/FLOAT(NP**2) Changing to REAL
• WRITE(*,*) MM, C(M), BW(M)
• ENDDO
• C
• END

No External file to read!!

 example3.f
Dummy argument
• C
• REAL FUNCTION FACT(N)
• C
• IF((N.EQ.0).OR.(N.EQ.1)) THEN
• FACT = 1.
• ELSE
• IP = N
• DO L = N-1, 1, -1
• IP = IP*L
• ENDDO
• FACT = FLOAT(IP)
• ENDIF
• RETURN
• C
• C f77 example3.f
• C ./a.out
• C
• END
 example3.f

Output on Screen:
GETTING Cs & Bs
0 1.000000 6.9444445E-03
1 12.00000 8.3333336E-02
2 66.00000 0.4583333
3 220.0000 1.527778
4 495.0000 3.437500
5 792.0000 5.500000
6 924.0000 6.416667
7 792.0000 5.500000 WRITE(*,*)'GETTING Cs & Bs'
8 495.0000 3.437500 DO M = 1, NP+1
9 220.0000 1.527778 WRITE(*,*) MM, C(M), BW(M)
10 66.00000 0.4583333 ENDDO
11 12.00000 8.3333336E-02
12 1.000000 6.9444445E-03
 example4.f
• ****************** example4.f ******************
• *234567
• *
• * NP=# of points to be used for the smoothing process
• * = any other number for binomial smoothing.
• * NSMOOTH = # of times to smooth the time series.
• *
• * TS=Time series for any grid point
• * TSM=smoothed time series
• *
• PARAMETER(NMI=1, NMF=492, NTM=NMF-NMI+1)
• PARAMETER(NTMO=492, NTMD=NTMO-NTM, NSMOOTH=2)
• PARAMETER(NLON=72, NLAT=73, NGP=NLON*NLAT)
• PARAMETER(UNDEF=-9999.0)
• C
• DIMENSION X(NLON,NLAT,NTM), XM(NLON,NLAT,NTMO),NPS(NSMOOTH)
• DIMENSION TS(NTM), Y(NLON,NLAT), TSM(NTMO) Nonexecutables
• C
• CHARACTER*28 PATH
• C
• CHARACTER*27 FILEI
• CHARACTER*28 FILEO
• C
Block DATA
• DATA NPS/25, 37/
• C
• PATH='/data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/'
• C
• FILEI='ssta_5x2.5_5898.data'
• FILEO='ssta_5x2.5_5898_r25+r37.data'
 example4.f
• DO K = 1, NSMOOTH
• NP=NPS(K)
• WRITE(*,*) 'FILTERING USING A',NP,' POINT RUNNING MEAN'
• ENDDO
• C
• MLOST=(NPS(1)-1)/2+(NPS(2)-1)/2
• WRITE(*,*)MLOST,' MONTHS WILL BE LOST'
• WRITE(*,*)'AT EACH END OF ANY TIME SERIES'
• C
• OPEN(10,FILE=PATH//FILEI,FORM='UNFORMATTED',
• - STATUS='OLD',ACCESS='DIRECT',RECL=NGP)
• OPEN(11,FILE=PATH//FILEO,FORM='UNFORMATTED',
• - STATUS='UNKNOWN',ACCESS='DIRECT',RECL=NGP)
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'READING ANOMALIES'
• DO MNTH = NMI, NMF
Two ways to read the data
• M = MNTH-NMI+1
• NREC = MNTH
• READ(10,REC=NREC) Y
• C READ(10,REC=NREC) (Y(I,J),I=1,NLON),J=1,NLAT)
• DO LON=1, NLON
• DO LAT = 1, NLAT
• X(LON,LAT,M)=Y(LON,LAT)
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• CLOSE(10)
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'FILTERING ANOMALIES'
• NPT = 0
• DO K = 1, NSMOOTH
• NPT= NPT + NPS(K)
• ENDDO
 example4.f
• DO LON=1, NLON
• DO LAT = 1, NLAT
• C WRITE(*,*),'LON=',LON,'LAT=',LAT
• DO MNTH=1, NTM
• TS(MNTH)=X(LON,LAT,MNTH)
• ENDDO
• C Be careful with UNDEFINED values!
• IF((TS(1).EQ.TS(NTM/2)).AND.(TS(1).EQ.TS(NTM))) THEN
• DO MNTH = 1, NTMO
• XM(LON,LAT,MNTH)=UNDEF subroutine
• ENDDO
• ELSE
• MES = NTM
• DO K = 1, NSMOOTH
• NP=NPS(K)
• C WRITE(*,*)'PASS # ',K
• CALL RUNMEAN(TS,MES,NP,TSM,NEWMES)
• C WRITE(*,*)'NEWMES=',NEWMES
• DO I = 1, NEWMES
• TS(I)=TSM(I)
• ENDDO
• MES=NEWMES
• ENDDO
• DO MNTH = 1, NTMO
• XM(LON,LAT,MNTH)=UNDEF
• ENDDO
• DO I = 1, NEWMES
• II = I + NTMD/2+(NPT-NSMOOTH)/2
• XM(LON,LAT,II)=TS(I)
• ENDDO
• ENDIF
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
 dummy arguments
example4.f
• WRITE(*,*)'SAVING FILTERED ANOMALIES'
• DO MNTH = 1, NTMO SUBROUTINE RUNMEAN(X,NTM,NP,XM,NTMNEW)
• DO LON = 1, NLON C
• DO LAT = 1, NLAT DIMENSION X(NTM), XM(NTMNEW)
• Y(LON,LAT)=XM(LON,LAT,MNTH) DIMENSION XX(NTM) Nonexecutable
• ENDDO
• ENDDO C
• WRITE(11,REC=MNTH) Y NP1 = NP - 1
• C WRITE(11,REC=MNTH) (XM(I,J,MNTH),I=1,NLON),J=1,NLAT) NP2 = NP1/2
• ENDDO IB = NP2 + 1
• CLOSE(11)
IE = NTM - NP2
• C
• END NTMNEW=IE-IB+1
• C C
• DO I = IB, IE
II = I-IB+1
KI = I - NP2
KF = I + NP2
S = 0.
DO K = KI, KF
W = 1.
IF((K.EQ.KI).OR.(K.EQ.KF)) W = 0.5
S = S + X(K)*W
ENDDO
XM(II) = S/FLOAT(NP1)
ENDDO
C
RETURN
C
C f77 example4.f
C ./a.out
C
END
 example4.f
Output on Screen:
FILTERING USING A 25 POINT RUNNING MEAN
FILTERING USING A 37 POINT RUNNING MEAN
30 MONTHS WILL BE LOST
AT EACH END OF ANY TIME SERIES
READING ANOMALIES GrADS ctl file
FILTERING ANOMALIES
SAVING FILTERED ANOMALIES
Fortran way to write it

DSET /data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/ssta_5x2.5_5898_r25+r37.data
UNDEF -9999.
TITLE Filtered SST anomalies wrt 1958-1998 climatology
* OPEN(11,FILE=PATH//FILEO,FORM='UNFORMATTED',
XDEF 72 LINEAR 0. 5. - STATUS='UNKNOWN',ACCESS='DIRECT',RECL=NGP)
* DO MNTH = 1, NTMO
YDEF 73 LINEAR -90. 2.5 DO LON = 1, NLON
* DO LAT = 1, NLAT
ZDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1 Y(LON,LAT)=XM(LON,LAT,MNTH)
* ENDDO
TDEF 492 LINEAR JAN1958 1mo ENDDO
* WRITE(11,REC=MNTH) Y
VARS 1 ENDDO
ssta 0 99 sst (C) Filtered sea-surface temperature anomalies
ENDVARS
example4.f
 example5.f
• *234567************ example5.f *************************
• C
• C THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES THE CORRELATION BETWEEN A GIVEN TIME SERIES
• C AND THE TIME SERIES OF THE GRID POINTS IN A MAP.
• C
• PARAMETER(UNDEF=-9999.)
• PARAMETER(NTM=492, NLON=72, NLAT=73)
• PARAMETER(NMESES=1, NTYR=NTM/12)
• PARAMETER(NMS=NTYR*NMESES)
• PARAMETER(NGP=NLON*NLAT)
• PARAMETER(NRECORDS=1)
• PARAMETER(IPRINT=0, MAXLAG=1, IMEAN=1, ISEOPT=1)
• C
• DIMENSION CC(-MAXLAG:MAXLAG), CCV(-MAXLAG:MAXLAG)
• DIMENSION SECC(-MAXLAG:MAXLAG)
• DIMENSION CCZ(NGP), CORR(NLON,NLAT,-MAXLAG:MAXLAG)
•
•
DIMENSION XX(NTM), X(NMS)
DIMENSION YYY(NLON,NLAT), YY(NLON,NLAT,NTM), Y(NMS)
Nonexecutable
• C
• INTEGER SEASTS(NMESES), SEASMAP(NMESES)
• C
• EXTERNAL CCF
• C
• DATA SEASTS/10/ Changing to INTEGER
• DATA SEASMAP/10/
• C
•
• C
CHARACTER*28 PATH IMSL routine
• CHARACTER*19 FILE1
• CHARACTER*20 FILE2
• C
• PATH='/data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/'
• C
• FILE1='naoindex_5898gr.dat'
• FILE2='ssta_5x2.5_5898.data'
• C
 example5.f
• OPEN(1,FILE=PATH//FILE1,FORM='UNFORMATTED',
• - STATUS='OLD',ACCESS='DIRECT',RECL=1)
• OPEN(2,FILE=PATH//FILE2,FORM='UNFORMATTED',
• - STATUS='OLD',ACCESS='DIRECT',RECL=NGP)
• OPEN(3,FILE=PATH//'mcorr_naooct_sstoct_5898.data',
• - FORM='UNFORMATTED',STATUS='UNKNOWN',ACCESS='DIRECT',
• - RECL=NGP)
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'GETTING TIME SERIES'
• DO MNTH = 1, NTM
• READ(1,REC=MNTH) XX(MNTH) !Reading time series
• ENDDO
• CLOSE(1)
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'GETTING TIME SERIES FROM MAPS'
• DO MNTH = 1, NTM
• DO NR = 1, NRECORDS
• NREC= NR + NRECORDS*(MNTH-1)
• READ(2,REC=NREC) YYY !Reading maps
• DO LO=1, NLON
• DO LA = 1, NLAT
• YY(LO,LA,MNTH)=YYY(LO,LA)
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• CLOSE(2)
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'EXTRACTING MONTHS'
• WRITE(*,*)(SEASTS(M),M=1,NMESES),' FROM INDEX'
• C
• DO NYR = 1, NTYR
• DO MES = 1, NMESES
• SEAS = SEASTS(MES)
• MNTH = SEAS + 12*(NYR-1)
• NREC = MES + NMESES*(NYR-1)
• X(NREC) = XX(MNTH)
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
 example5.f
• WRITE(*,*)NREC,' MONTHS IN TIME SERIES'
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'EXTRACTING MONTHS'
• WRITE(*,*)(SEASMAP(M),M=1,NMESES),' FROM MAPS'
• C
• DO NYR = 1, NTYR
• DO MES = 1, NMESES
• SEAS = SEASMAP(MES)
• MNTH = SEAS + 12*(NYR-1)
• NREC = MES + NMESES*(NYR-1)
• DO LO = 1, NLON
• DO LA = 1, NLAT
• YY(LO,LA,NREC) = YY(LO,LA,MNTH)
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• WRITE(*,*)NREC,' MONTHS IN MAPS'
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'GETTING VARIANCES AND CORRELATIONS'
• C
• C Reference time series is X, while Y moves
• C + values of MAXLAG means that Y is behind(late wrt or lags) X
• C - values of MAXLAG means that Y is ahead(early wrt or leads) X
• C + values of MAXLAG means that X is ahead(early wrt or leads) Y
• C - values of MAXLAG means that X is behind(late wrt or lags) Y
• C
• WRITE(*,*)'INTO CCF ROUTINE'
• DO I = 1, NLON
• DO J = 1, NLAT
• DO M = -MAXLAG, MAXLAG
• CORR(I,J,M)=UNDEF
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
 example5.f
• DO I=1, NLON
• DO J = 1, NLAT
• DO MNTH =1, NMS
• Y(MNTH) = YY(I,J,MNTH)
• ENDDO
• C Be careful with UNDEFINED values!
• IF((Y(1).EQ.Y(NMS/2)).AND.(Y(1).EQ.Y(NMS))) THEN
• ELSE
• CALL CCF(NMS,X,Y,MAXLAG,IPRINT,ISEOPT,IMEAN,
• - X1MEAN,Y1MEAN,X1VAR,Y1VAR,CCV,CC,SECC)
• DO M = -MAXLAG,MAXLAG
• CORR(I,J,M) = CC(M)
• ENDDO
• ENDIF
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• WRITE(*,*)'OUT OF CCF ROUTINE'
• NR = 0
• DO M = -MAXLAG, MAXLAG
• DO I = 1, NLON
• DO J = 1, NLAT
• YYY(I,J) = UNDEF
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• NR = NR + 1
• DO I = 1, NLON
• DO J = 1, NLAT
• YYY(I,J) = CORR(I,J,M)
• ENDDO
• ENDDO
• WRITE(3,REC=NR) YYY
• ENDDO
• CLOSE(3)
• C
• C Do the following before you compile
• C source /usr/local/src/vni-3.0/CTT3.0/ctt/bin/cttsetup.csh
• C f77 example5.f $LINK_FNL
• C ./a.out
• C
• END
Linking to IMSL routines
 example5.f
Output on Screen:
GETTING TIME SERIES
GETTING TIME SERIES FROM MAPS
EXTRACTING MONTHS
10 FROM INDEX
41 MONTHS IN TIME SERIES
EXTRACTING MONTHS
10 FROM MAPS
41 MONTHS IN MAPS GrADS ctl file
GETTING VARIANCES AND CORRELATIONS
INTO CCF ROUTINE
OUT OF CCF ROUTINE
Fortran way to write it
DSET /data/temp4/alfredo/fortran/mcorr_naojan_sstjan_5898.data
UNDEF -9999.
TITLE Correlation between NAO's JANUARYs and
* JANUARY SST anomalies during the 1958-1998 period.
* OPEN(3,FILE=PATH//'mcorr_naooct_sstoct_5898.data',
*************************** - FORM='UNFORMATTED',STATUS='UNKNOWN',ACCESS='DIRECT',
* - RECL=NGP)
NR=0
XDEF 72 LINEAR 0.0 5.0 DO M = -MAXLAG, MAXLAG
YDEF 73 LINEAR -90.0 2.5 NR = NR + 1
ZDEF 1 LINEAR 1 1 DO I = 1, NLON
TDEF 3 LINEAR jan1958 1mo DO J = 1, NLAT
* YYY(I,J) = CORR(I,J,M)
VARS 1 ENDDO
ENDDO
corr 0 99 Correlation (t=2 is at lag=0) WRITE(3,REC=NR) YYY
ENDVARS ENDDO
example5.f
 At the end…

• Have the necessity to use fortran.

• Have a book for quick reference.
• Make some time for practicing it.
• Good Luck!