INTRODUCTION TO

C++ PROGRAMMING
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the basic components
of a C++ program.
2. Classify identifiers, keywords,
constants, and variables.
3. Enumerate and apply the basic data
types of C++.
4. Identify the different operators to
be used.
5. Know the precedence of operators.
A Simple C++ Program

/* This is a simple C++ program */

/* declaration of header file */
#include <iostream.h>

/* start of main program */

void main(void)
{
cout << "Welcome to C++!!!\n";
}
Basic Components of a C++
Code
HEADER FILES
Functions
Statements
The { } Symbols
The /* */ symbols
 Identifiers, Keywords,
Constants, and Variables

IDENTIFIERS (NAMING CONVENTIONS)

- Names are made up of letters and digits.
 - The first character must be a letter or an
underscore (_). However, an underscore is not
recommended to be used as the first character in a
name since some of C++’s internal identifiers begin
with underscores.
 - C++ is case-sensitive, i.e., the lower-case letter
‘a’ is not the same as the uppercase letter ‘A’.
- At least the first 31 characters of a name are
significant.
 Identifiers, Keywords,
Constants, and Variables
KEYWORDS
 Identifiers, Keywords,
Constants, and Variables
CONSTANTS
 Constants are entities whose value does not
change.
 A constant can either be numeric constant or a
literal constant. In C/C++, a numeric constant
can be an integer or floating point number, while a
literal constant can be a single character or a
string, i.e. a constant with more than one
character.
 A single character is written such that it is
enclosed in a pair of single quotes.
 A string is written enclosed in a pair of double
quotes
 Identifiers, Keywords,
Constants, and Variables
VARIABLES
 A program is made of data and instructions to
manipulate those data.
 Note that data have to be stored somewhere, and
thus will need some memory space in the Random
Access Memory (RAM).
 In a C++ program, a variable is the entity that
holds data.
 A variable, as the name suggests, is a varying
entity depending on the actual data it holds.
Without variables, it would be impossible to store
data.
 Identifiers, Keywords,
Constants, and Variables
A variable has the following characteristics:
1. a symbolic name;
2. an associated physical memory space (portion
in a RAM)
3. a data type
4. a value that depends on the data type
5. a scope
6. a lifetime
Basic Data Types in C++
Data Type
 specifies the kind of values can be
assumed by a variable of that type
 the range of values that can be assumed
by a variable of that type
 and the amount of memory (in bytes)
needed by a variable to store a value of
that type.
Basic Data Types in C++
Five basic data types in C++
 char – the character data type. The char data type is used to
represent/store/manipulate character data values.
 int – the integer data type. The int data type is used to
represent/store/manipulate signed whole numbers. The range of values
that can be assumed by an int value is from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
 float – the single precision floating point data type. The float data type
is used to store single precision signed real numbers. The appropriate
range of values that can be assumed by a float value is from 3.4 X 10-38
to 3.4 X 1038.
 double – the double precision floating point data type. The double data
type is used to store double precision signed real numbers. The
appropriate range of values that can be assumed by a double value is
from 1.7 X 10-308 to 1.7 X 10308.
 bool – the Boolean data type. The bool data type is used to represent
Boolean values true or false.
Variable Declaration
 A variable declaration is an “action” by which a
variable is “introduced” to a program/function.
 All variables in a C++ program must be declared.
If you forgot to do so, the compiler will report a
syntax error.
 The syntax for declaring a variable is as follows:
<data type> <variable name>;
 A semicolon signifies the end of a declaration.
Examples:
 char ch;
 bool b;
 int i;
 float f;
 double d;
More Examples:
 char ch1, ch2;
 bool b1, b2;
 int x, y, z;
 float degree_celsius, degree_fahrenheit, degree_kelvin;
 double numerator, denominator;
Operators
 Operators are symbols representing operations
that can be performed on constants and
variables. There are four basic operations
available in C++ language.
1. Assignment Operation
2. Arithmetic Operation
3. Relational Operation
4. Logical Operation
The assignment operator is denoted by the
equal symbol (=). It is used to store (i.e.,
assign) a value to a variable. The syntax of
an assignment operation is:
<variable name> = <expression>;
In the syntax above, variable name can be
any valid identifier in C++, while expression
can be a constant, variable or a valid
expression.
THE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
 The assignment operation is also a statement,
thus a semicolon should terminate it.
 ch1 = ‘Z’;
 ch2 = ch1;
 x = 5;
 y = x;
 If in some cases we assign a value whose data
type is different from the data type of the
receiving variable, the data type of the value will
be converted to the data type of the variable
(either demoted or promoted).
THE ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
There are some important notes to remember in the
use of C++ operators:
 Assigning a variable to a constant is syntax error. For
example:
12345 = x;
 Assigning the value of a variable to a variable of the same
name is syntactically correct, but practically useless and
does not make any sense. For example:
a = 12345;
a = a; // a get the value of a, which is 12345
 It is usual in programming to assign a value of an expression
to a variable, wherein the old value of the variable is also
used in the expression. For example:
a = 50;
a = a + 1;
 The statement a = 50; means the value 50 is assigned to a.
The next statement adds 1 to this value resulting to 51,
which is then assigned as the new value of a.
THE RELATIONAL/COMPARISON
OPERATORS
The relational operators can be performed on
all the basic data types.
In C++, the result of a relational operation is
either a 0 (zero) or a 1 (one). A zero means
that the relation is FALSE and a one means
that it is TRUE. All the relational/comparison
operators are binary operators.
It is important to remember that the test for
equality uses two equal symbols. Forgetting
one of the equal sign is a very common
logical error.
THE LOGICAL OPERATORS

The logical operators are normally used in

conjunction with relational operators to test for
multiple conditions. The logical NOT is a unary
operator, it is used with only one operand to its right.
The remaining operators are binary operators. The
logical NOT operation is performed before logical
AND, before logical OR.
THE PRECEDENCE OF
OPERATORS