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COMPRESSORS
CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL
RECIPROCATING ROTARY TYPE
COMPRESSORS COMPRESSORS
• Application range.
• Reliability criterion.
104
103
Centrifugal
102
Axial
101
Reciprocating
Axial
Head Positive Displacement
Centrifugal
Capacity
• Therefore at constant speed–
– A Centrifugal compressor is
essentially a variable capacity,
constant pressure ( relatively )
machine.
– While axial flow & positive
displacement compressors are
constant capacity variable pressure
machines.
(This is an important factor in the
selection of type of compressor )
• Reliability, operating
characteristics and a very wide
operating range – all favors a
centrifugal compressor for
industrial use in most of the
cases.
Centrifugal
Compressor
Centrifugal compressor
selection
• At constant speed :
– A positive displacement
compressor will always impart to
working fluid a predetermined
constant reduction in volume.
– While a centrifugal compressor will
always impart a constant change
in velocity of the fluid
u
Cw
α
Cf
Q = Cf *A
C
Cr
H e= 1/g ( u2 Cw2 – u1 Cw1 )
Cw
Cf will decrease
α
&
Cf
C Cw will increase
Cr
Because of this reason for a centrifugal compressor
(with backward curved vane) following head-capacity
curve is obtained
Ideal
Head
Actual
Centrifugal compressor
Capacity
Surge
– As we have seen in above theory that as
flow is reduced, the velocity of the fluid
jet leaving the vane is increased and
hence head is also increased. Also due
to reduction in flow the fluid channel
between two vanes is not completely
filled up which causes localized flow re-
circulation. A more decrease in flow
results in unstable operation and is
called “Surging of compressor”.
Horizontal split casing
Barrel type casing
Main Parts
• Stator :
– Casing Upper Half
– Casing Lower Half
– ( Or Casing Barrel & counter
casing in case of Barrel type
compressor )
– Diaphragms ( Suction, discharge
and intermediate diaphragms )
Main Parts
• Stator(contd…)
– Seal
• Seal for individual impeller
• Seal on balancing drum
• End gas seal ( labyrinth )
• End oil seal or dry gas seal or
injection seal
– Bearing Housing
• Incorporates radial bearing on one
side and radial and thrust bearing on
another side.
• Instruments on bearing housing :
1.For Temperature : Thermocouple on
bearing pads for direct measurement of
bearing temp
2.Axial position indicating probe
3.Radial vibration probes
4. Speed probe is generally mounted on
gas /steam turbine if the compressor is
turbo driven, but if compressor is motor
driven then a key phasor probe is installed
for analysis of vibration readings.
Main Parts
• Rotor: As name implies it
consists of all rotating parts of
the compressor like :
– Impellers
– Shaft
– Balancing drum
– Coupling hub
– Thrust disc
Protective Devices
• Emergency Stop Devices.
• Alarm Devices.
• Safety Valves.
• Anti Surge By-pass Valve
Emergency Stop
• The conditions causing emergency stop may
be following ( only indicative and may vary
from case to case )
– Low lube oil pressure.
– Low level in seal oil tank ( if compressor
incorporates seal oil system )
– Over speed.
– Low control oil pressure ( for turbo driven )
– High differential pressure / high axial thrust
– High radial vibration
– In some cases high temperature after inter cooler or
after cooler
Alarm Events
• All emergency stop conditions
will first generate alarm.
• Temperature ( of bearing,
process fluid, lube oil etc. )
• Pressure.
• Suction flow
• Low / high oil level in reservoir
• Low level in seal oil tank
Typical Bypass Anti Surge System
Compressor Performance
Curve
Pressure
Compressor Surge
Line
Anti Surge Line
Psurge
P1 Design Point
Quantity Bypassed
Q
req.
Q
surge
Q1 Flow
Typical Compressor Performance
Map And Surge Control
Thrust Balancing
Types of Compressor End
Sealing Systems
Labyrinth Sealing