Chapter II

Heredity: Inheritance and

Variation
After this chapter you will be able to:
1. Explain the different pattern of non-Mendelelian inheritance.
A. Identify characters whose inheritance does not conform with predicted outcomesbased on
mendel’s laws of inheritance
B. Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance, codominance multiple allells and sex-
linked traits; and
C. Identify the laws that was not strictly followed in the non-mendelian inheritance.

2. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes.

a. explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance; and
b. identify the components of a DNA molecule.
DNA- (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) –contains the information needed to form and control the physical make-up
and chemical
processes of an organism.
- it is composed of chains of nucleotides built on a sugar and phosphate backbone and
wrapped
around each other in the form of double helix.

- the backbone supports four basis:

1. guanine
2. cytosine
3. adenine
4. thymine
GUANINE & CYTOSINE -are complementary, always appearing opposite each other on the helix, as
ADENINE & THYMINE.

Incomplete dominance- occurs when the phenotypes of the offspring is somewhere in between the
phenotypes of both parents; and completely dominant allele does not occur.

Codominance- occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote.

Many genes have multiple (more than two)alleles. Example: ABO BLOOD TYPE in humans
 In humans,

XX- CHROMOSOMES determine femaleness

XY- determine maleness.

SEX-LINKED TRAIT- is on the X Chromosome. Females have two X

CHROMOSOMES; they can inherit or carry the trait without being affected if it
acts in a recessive manner.
Sex- limited traits- are those that are expressed exclusively in one sex.
Sex-influenced traits -are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one
than in other sex.
Genes- are located in the chromosomes.
DNA- is a double-stranded helix made up of repeating units of nucleotides.
Nucleotides- is composed of the following: Sugar and phosphate molecules,
and nitrogenous bases. The bases. The base can either be adenine, guanine,
thymine, and cytosine.
ALLELE- a different form of gene that controls a certain trait.
Codominance- two dominant alleles of contrasting pair fully expressed at the
same time in the heterozygous individual.

Incomplete dominance- occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is

somewhere in between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant
allele does not occur.

Punnett square- the method by which one can determine the possible
genotypes and phenotypes when two parents are crossed.

Antigen- a substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody.

Gamete- are reproductive cells unite during sexual reproduction to form a

new cell called a zygote.