Activity Title: Hybridization

Learning Target/Competency:
Describe the bonding in ethane,
ethene(ethylene) and ethyne(acetylene)
and explain their geometry in terms of
hybridization and σ and ¶ carbon-carbon
Actsheet bonds
# 3 Values/Graduate Attributes: The learners
will become keen observant and critical
thinkers
Reference(s) & Author(s): ELTS Series:
General Chemistry 1 by Bayquen and Peña
Page(s) No. 224-225
 Concept Notes

It is the concept of mixing atomic

orbitals into new hybrid orbitals
Hybridization (with energies, shapes, etc., than
the component atomic
orbitals)suitable for the pairing of
electrons to form chemical bonds
in valence bond theory.
 Why do molecules hybridized?

Molecules are more stable compound when

hybridization occurs.
 SINGLE BOND
C–C
sp³ HYBRIDIZATION
1,2 means – energy level/ the size of orbital
S,p means – the shape of orbital
s p p p
Tetrahedral shape
 Sigma bond

 sp³ hybridization occurs when a C has 4 attached

groups.
 It has 25% s and 75% p character.
Each sp³ hybrid orbital is involved in σ bond
formation.
 DOUBLE BOND
C=C
sp² HYBRIDIZATION
sp² hybridization
occurs when a C has 3
attached groups
sp² hybrid orbital has
33% s and 67% p
character
each sp² hybrid orbital
is involved in a σ bond
formation and the
remaining p orbital
forms π bond
hybridize one s-orbital
and two p-orbitals

Trigonal planar
sp² = 33% s
67% p

sp³ = 25% s
75% p
 TRIPLE BOND
C=C
sp HYBRIDIZATION
 sp hybridization when
a C has 2 attached
groups
π
sp hybrid orbital has
σ 50% s and 50% p
π character
A triple bond has one
σ bond + two π bonds
linear
 1st pi bond
Sigma bond 2nd pi bond
sp = 50% s
50% p

sp³ = 25% s
75% p
Exercise: Identify the hybridization and predict the
geometry of all the carbon atom.
sp² sp

H H
C
H C=C H
C=C
H
H
sp³ sp
sp²
 sp³ - tetrahedral

sp² - trigonal planar

sp- linear

σ = 10
= 3
Exercise: Identify the hybridization and predict the geometry of
all the carbon atom and the number of sigma and pi bond of each
molecules.
H H H
H H H C=C
C-C H C=C
H C=C H C=C
H
C=C C=C H H C=C
H H
Exercises:
Analyze the hybridization of the following hydrocarbon and identify
which C-C bond has the highest bond-dissociation energy

A general rule, the more s-character in a hybridized orbital, the

stronger a bond it will form