client/server model client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote) server: remote host ftp: RFC 959 ftp server: port 21
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FTP overview
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FTP:connections
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Opening the control connection
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Creating the data connection
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FTP: separate control, data connections
FTP client contacts FTP server at port 21, specifying TCP as
transport protocol Client obtains authorization over control connection Client browses remote directory by sending commands over control connection. When server receives a command for a file transfer, the server opens a TCP data connection to client After transferring one file, server closes connection. Server opens a second TCP data connection to transfer another file. Control connection: out of band FTP server maintains state: current directory, earlier authentication
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Remote Login: Telnet
TELNET is a general-purpose client-server application program
TELNET enables the establishment of a connection to a remote system in such a way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system.
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Figure:Local login
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Figure:Remote login
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NETWORK VIRTUAL TERMINAL(NVT CHARACTER SET) The Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) is a representation of a basic terminal and provides a standard that the computers on either end of a Telnet connection are assumed to follow. It defines how data and commands are sent across the network. Thus, NVT allows interoperability between Telnet and a variety of heterogeneous computers and operating systems. It consists of a virtual keyboard that generates user-specified characters and a printer that displays specific characters. Clients and servers can map their local devices to the characteristics and handling conventions of an NVT and can assume that other servers and clients are doing the same.
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Network Management
Management = Initialization, Monitoring, Control
Today: automated, reliable diagnosis, and automatic control are still in a primitive stage Architecture: Manager, Agents and Management Information Base (MIB) Observe that management-plane has a new interface to the network distinct from data and control-plane
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Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
SNMP is a framework for managing devices in an internet using the
TCP/IP protocol suit A manager, usually a lost that, controls and monitor a set of agents,usually routers The manager is a host that runs the SNMP client program. The agent is a router or host that runs the SNMP server program
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MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS
SNMP requires the use of two other protocols:
1 Structure of Management Information (SMI) and 2 Management Information Base (MIB)
Network management on the Internet is done through the
cooperation of SNMP, SMI, and MIB.
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Management Information Base(MIB)
MIB is a second component used in network management
Each agent has its own MIB, a collection of all the objects that the manager can manage.
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Figure:Management Information Base, version 2 (MIB2)
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X.25 Layers in Relation to the OSI Layers Frame Relay ATM Protocol Architecture