BY: ENGR.

GS ROBLES
WHAT ARE VALVES???
Are devices that controls the flow of
FLUIDS* in between the interfaces of
passageways (pipes), this is made possible
with the entry/ discharge sides of the pipes
being:
CLOSED Thus causing ISOLATION of medium..

OPENED Thus allowing a large volume of

medium to flow….
PARTIALLY Thus allowing controlled
OBSTRUCTED volume of medium to flow…
WHERE/ AT WHAT INSTANCE
ARE VALVES USED???
For as long as there is control of fluids or
OTHER MEDIUM* as well as presence of
PRESSURE VESSELS* a valve is necessitated…
Other medium:
Solids mixed with liquids usually
SLURRIES water where the prime mover is a
PUMP…
COLLOIDAL Solids suspended in gases
where the prime mover is a
SOLUTIONS FAN/ BLOWER…
 Pressure vessel
mentioned are usually
pipes where fluids and
other substances flow and
storage tanks used to hold
gases and liquids…
 Valves could not only be found in the
industrial/ power plant field or operations but
could also be found right at our very own homes as
well as in sewerage systems and modern irrigation
systems.
At the industrial/power plant field:
1. Distribution, regulation, and control of water, oil,
gas, and even hazardous substances..
At our very own homes:
1. Distribution, regulation, and control of potable
and non-potable water; and regulation of gas
pressure
HOW ARE VALVES CLASSIFIED??
Valves are classified according to their
usage and maybe classified as either any of the
following:
1. ISOLATION/ STOP VALVES
2. FLOW REGULATION/ THROTTLING VALVES
3. BACK FLOW PREVENTION VALVES
4. PRESSURE REGULATION VALVES
5. PRESSURE RELIEF/ SAFETY VALVES
WHAT ARE ISOLATION/ STOP
VALVES???
The isolation of a downstream system from an
upstream system is critical and necessitates the
usage of isolation/ stop valves…
Isolation/ stop valves as its name implies
prevents the flow of medium from one point into
another.
This is done by using a retractable sealing
mechanism (gate, disc, plug, ball, flexible material,
etc..) totally obstructing the flow’s passageway.
UPSTREAM SYSTEM
Gravity effects

Prime mover
damage
DOWNSTREAM SYSTEM
 Isolation/ stop valves posses “tight shut-
off” when fully closed and “minimum restriction
to flow” when fully opened..
TIGHT SHUT-OFF no leakage of medium
MINIMUM
RESTRICTION less fluid friction
TO FLOW
Valves used for this function include gate
valves, globe valves, ball valves, plug valves,
butterfly valves, diaphragm valves, angle
valves, and pinch valves.
GATE VALVES:
Are valves that are used
“INTERMITTENTLY” requiring
STRAIGHT FLOW and MINIMUM
FLOW RESTRICTION..

INTERMITTENT
Non-frequent operation and are
suitable only for FULLY-OPEN/
FULLY-CLOSED operations.
MINIMUM FLOW RESTRICTION
Contributes to less pressure drop
thereby less work on the PRIME
MOVER.
 As the name implies, its main working
mechanism (retractable sealing mechanism)
resembles that of a “gate which is wedge-
shaped”.
 Such types of valves are NOT USED FOR
THROTTLING as the wedge-shaped gate is
prone to stress which could hamper its
operation.
GATE VALVE TYPES ACCORDING TO
STEM:

1. RISING STEM GATE VALVE

2. NON-RISING STEM GATE VALVE

 RISING STEM TYPE
has its STEM (SHAFTING)
rising when gate is being
opened and descending
when the gate is being
lowered.
It has an indicator
indicating if such valve
has been fully opened/
closed.
Even at a far away distance, such valve could be
distinguished if it is was opened/ closed,,,
 NON-RISING STEM
TYPE has its STEM’s
(SHAFTING) external
threading moving
along the internal
threading on the gate
or disc.
Like the rising type It also has an indicator
showing the disc/ gate position.
With the stem being not visible, it is impossible
to state if such valve is open/ closed at a far away
distance….
GLOBE VALVES:
Are probably the most
common type of valve
because of its versatility of
usage.
Although globular-like in
appearance (body/ housing)
its positive identification
should be made internally.
 These are types of valves that are
normally used for distribution of water in
our households.
• Such valves are used for
“THROTTLING” as there is
less stress imparted on the
closing mechanism.

THROTTLING:
Refers to controlling of flow.
•
It also means that the
operation is frequently
done.
 Such valves provide a “FASTER SHUT-OFF or
FASTER OPENING” when compared/ likened to
gate valves…..
 Such valves however
possess one known dis-
advantage.
With its flow pattern in
the form of “LETTER-S”, it
• results into GREATER FLUID
FRICTION TRANSLATING
INTO GREATER PRESSURE
DROPS.

PRESSURE DROP: Decrease in pressure between the

intake and discharge sides.
•
 Globe valves maybe be classified according
to its number of seats, either as:

1. SINGLE SEATED
Only has one (1) discharge point but provides
a much tighter SHUT-OFF.

2. DOUBLE SEATED
Has two (2) discharge points that will merge
eventually as a single discharge point . It has a
much HIGHER RESISTANCE TO VIBRATION AND
ABRASION
Type ED

SINGLE SEATED
 DOUBLE
Type ED
SEATED
 Globe valves have three (3) main body types
and are as follows:
1. Z-TYPE
2. ANGLE-TYPE
3. Y-TYPE
Their names are given to the manner in
which fluid is to flow inside which changes
direction once or twice…
 Z-types are used mainly for small size, low pressure
applications. In large high pressure lines, the changes
of flow direction causes a large pressure drop and
TURBULENCE that can damage the trim…
 Turbulence is characterized by CHAOTIC FLOW
MOVEMENT which is the complete opposite when it
comes to LAMINAR FLOW (orderly smooth layering
flow)…
Turbulence can erode some of the valves internal
elements, the closing element, valve seat, and
bearings…
 Angle types changes the flow of fluid direction
only once and has lower pressure drop as compared to
the Z-type and is used for moderate pressure
applications…
 Y-types has its seat at an angle of 45o with the flow
direction, thus somehow straightening the flow path
eventually reducing the pressure drop…
Of the three (3), Y-types have the least pressure
drop thus they are favorably used for high pressure
applications…
 Most globe valves uses one of the three (3)
types of discs and are as follows:
1. BALL DISC
3. COMPOSITION DISC
2. PLUG DISC
 THREE-WAY VALVES:
Type ED
It is simply a design
extension of a double seated
globe valve.

It either divides a flow

into two directions or
• converge two flow directions
into a single flow.
 ANGLE VALVES:
A variation of the globe
valve and as its name implies
are valves types that are used
to divert flow at an angle of
90o instead of having a
straight flow...
They specifically are used
in instances wherein there
• are space constraints/
limitations.
 Such type of valves are
suitable for SLURRIES,
ADHESIVE and HIGH
VISCOSITY FLUIDS as
formation of deposits is
prevented.

Here fluid is made to

enter from the bottom
• and is being discharged at
the side and not from the
side to the bottom.
 ANGLE VALVES are
classified also as a form of
GLOBE VALVE since its
internal components could
also be found in a typical
globe valve.
These also enables them
to be used as a means of
• throttling fluid flow taking
the place of a globe valve and
elbow...
 It has less pressure drop as compared to a
straight glove valve as flow changes direction only
once…
 BUTTERFLY VALVES:
A very simple QUICK-
ACTING THROTTLE TYPE of
valve that has a circular disc
that fits snugly in a resilient
seat and is used in a wide
variety of chemicals.
Hand lever type has
• its lever position
indicating position of
circular disc.
 They are quick-
acting in that a quarter
of a turn permits a fully
open or fully closed
disc.

FULLY OPEN – plate/ disc is parallel with

the pipe axis..
FULLY CLOSED – plate/ disc is perpendicular
with the pipe axis.
 They could be used
effectively in areas where
space (space saving) is
limited as well being light
in weight and very easy to
install and handle.

In instances where a
large butterfly valve is to
be used, a large gearing
arrangement is used in
tandem with a motor.
 They may vary in
sizes ranging from 2” to
36” or even larger for
low to moderate to
higher pressure ranges.
 Since there is not much obstruction in the
passageway, there is very low pressure drop
(fluid friction is low).

That the only

obstruction there is
would only be the
circular disc.
VARIOUS POSITIONING OF THE BUTTERFLY DISC AT
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOW…
 Most butterfly discs have their stem
(shaft) passing through the center of the disc,
but certain applications also necessitates a
different set-up as shown…..
 OFFSET STEM
BUTTERFLY VALVE…
CENTRAL STEM
BUTTERFLY VALVE…
BALL VALVES:
Another type of throttling
valve and as the name implies has
its internal working mechanism in
the form of a PUNCTURED BALL or
a SEGMENTED BALL at the middle
BALL VALVE WITH A BALL VALVE WITH A
SEGMENTED BALL… PUNCTURED HOLE…
VARIOUS POSITIONING OF THE SEGMENTED
BALL AT DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOW…
 Aside from FLOW REGULATION, ball valves are
used where straight-thru flow operation, tight shut-
off, and ease of operation are required.

Are suitable for

high flow capacity for
both gas and liquid
applications which is
why they are
available in very large
volumes or sizes.
 Because of the design of internal mechanism
(not stress prone), ball valves are not only for
isolation/ stop valves but could also be used for
throttling/ flow regulation.
There is very low pressure drop between the
intake and discharge sides of the pipe( punctured
ball).
 Like butterfly valves, ball
valves are also of the quick
acting type. A quarter of a turn
(90o turn) fully opens or fully
closes the “ball”..

Because of its main

element is in the form of a ball
it only needs a LOW TORQUE
to actuate…
For the lever type, the
lever position indicates the
positioning of the punctured
ball.
 NOT SUITABLE WITH
SOLIDS… In SLURRIES or
COLLOIDAL SOLUTION
applications, the suspended
particles can settle and become
trapped in body cavities
(internal spacing or gap
between the ball and body)
causing wear, leakage, or valve
failure.
PLUG VALVES:
Have cylindrical tapered
“plugs” that has one or more
passageways where fluid is to pass
through when the valve is opened.
EXPLODED VIEW ON THE INSIDE OF A PLUG VALVE:
 Like BALL and BUTTERFLY
VALVES, PLUG VALVES are also
quick acting…
As can be seen in the figure it
has minimal resistance to flow
hence low pressure drops if
used…
Practically smaller as
compared to other valve types
except that of needle valves…
Requires a larger torque due to
high friction of PLUG SURFACE
unlike that in BALL VALVES…
PINCH VALVES:
Are types of valves that are
ideal in conveying “COLLOIDAL
SOLUTIONS” and “SLURRIES”
as there are no internal
mechanism/ obstructions that
can block or slow down the
flow.
 A pinch valve has an
ELASTOMERIC SLEEVE
THAT IS EVENTUALLY
SANDWICHED BY TWO
RECTRACTABLE PORTIONS
as the handle is actuated
to close the valve.
As the valve is
opened, the pressure is
released where again the
retractable parts move in
the opposite direction,
thereby UNCHOKING THE
SLEEVE...
DIAPHRAGM VALVES:
Uses a diaphragm as
the closing device and
usually is used to isolate
or block flow.
Since the membrane
material chemically
degrades, diaphragm
valves are used under the
conditions of low pressure
and a limited temperature
operating range.
 Is good at handling at
handling viscous fluids, thick
slurries, and fluids containing
solids.
Its design flaw is that
since it has long diaphragm
movements, it has a short
life span and necessitates
Straight Through Type need for maintenance.

ELASTOMERS are normally used for such

diaphragm material.
 Such diaphragm
type valve provides
tight shut-off with
low operating force.
Has a short
diaphragm movement
thus has a longer span
of life with minimal
Weir Type
maintenance.
Much better at throttling flow but has
very low flowrates involved.
WHAT ARE FLOW REGULATION VALVES??
All piping coming from storage tanks and onto
processes require the flow to be regulated (throttled).

This could be achieved by introducing resistance

to flow or by changing the direction of flow.
In most manually
operated valves of this kind,
their handwheel or lever
position gives a direct
indication of the
proportionality of flow.
 Valves of this type include the GLOBE, BUTTERFLY,
BALL, ANGLE, PINCH, DIAPHRAGM, PLUG, and the
NEEDLE VALVE.
All valves except the NEEDLE VALVE are also
considered to be ISOLATION/ STOP VALVES .

Of these, the GLOBE and NEEDLE types gives

OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE or RESULTS.
NEEDLE VALVES:
Another variation of the GLOBE VALVE and as the
name implies has its principal mechanism in the form of
a needle usually tapered 30o with the vertical centerline
of the valve…
 They are usually located at
the end of every process cycle
combined with delicate gauges
where small delicate pressure
(very fine flow regulation) are
required.
They protect delicate
equipments from sudden
surges of fluid under high
pressure.
Takes considerable movement
of the valve stem to increase or
decrease fluid flow…
CUT-AWAY VIEW OF A NEEDLE VALVE…
WHAT ARE BACKFLOW PREVENTION VALVES?
In some circumstances it is important to prevent
reversed fluid flow as it could cause damage to the
prime mover of fluid which are the “PUMPS/ FANS”.
 Such valves are automatic in operation and that
it does not necessitate any external mechanical means
for its operation.

They open due to fluid flow and automatically

closes due to the absence of flow/ reversal of flow
aided by the force of gravity.

Such types of valves should be properly installed

otherwise, a wrong installation would completely
render such valve to be useless.
CHECK VALVES:
Also called
“ONE-WAY VALVE/
NON-RETURN” in
that it allows fluid
to flow through it in
only one direction
and has many
variations...
They come in
two (2) basic types:
LIFT CHECK VALVES
AND SWING CHECK
VALVES.
SWING CHECK VALVES:
Flow through such type of valve is approximately a
straight line comparable to a gate valve hence there is
less resistance to flow thus it is widely used in all
pressure services involving liquids..
 It has a disc hinged at the top seating against a
machined seat in the bridge wall opening.
This disc swings freely in an arc from fully closed
position to an opening providing an unobstructed flow.

This valve is kept open by flow, with the size of the

opening varying with the volume of flow.
Gravity and reversal of flow sit (close) the disc,
thereby preventing backflow.
LIFT CHECK VALVES:
Employs a sealing mechanism that is either
spring-loaded or is just made to float with incoming
fluid pressure.

TYPES/ VARIATIONS OF LIFT CHECK VALVES:

1. SPRING LOADED LIFT CHECK VALVE
2. VERTICAL LIFT CHECK VALVE
3. HYDRAULIC LIFT CHECK VALVE
4. BALL DISC CHECK VALVE
 In such valves, flow movement partially changes
course as in typical globe valves (not straight but S-flow).
Its disc is equipped with a short guide usually above
and below (bridgewall and cap)making it move vertically
up and down…

This disc is seated by backflow, or by gravity when

there is no flow and is free to rise and fall depending upon
the pressure under it...
1. SPRING LOADED LIFT CHECK VALVES:
Uses a spring to move the disc/ seat upon the
flow of fluids.
The spring is made of phosphor bronze and is
calibrated to the pressure of incoming fluid.

The spring make-up prevents excessive disc

movement under pulsating flow and assist the disc
to remain closed under low-back pressure.
2. VERTICAL LIFT CHECK VALVES:
Is similar with
the basic horizontal
lift check and that
they only differ with
respect to the axis of
the pipeline to where
they are to be
connected..

The disc instead of being guided on the

bridgewall and cap is instead guided on the two
bridgewalls perpendicular to the pipe axis.
3. HYDRAULIC LIFT CHECK VALVES:

Instead of using a
spring to close the disc, it
uses a hydraulic liquid so
that it would enable the
disc to promptly go back to
its seat when there is no
flow.
4. BALL DISC CHECK VALVES:
As its name
implies, this type
uses a ball disc
instead of the
conventional flat
tapered disc…

Such type is available for

horizontal as well as vertical
piping installations.
 On all kinds of LIFT CHECK VALVES, the fluid
flow must enter below the seat to push the disc
or ball. Otherwise they may not serve their
purpose at all...
OTHER POINTS TO REMEMBER
ABOUT CHECK VALVES:
1. .The function of check valves is to stop reversal of
flow automatically and promptly. Usually it is
desirable that they be supplemented by a gate, globe,
or lubricated plug valves for manual control of the
fluid in the line.
POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT CHECK VALVES:

2. .As a general rule, LIFT CHECK VALVES are most

frequently used on lines handling steam, air, and
gases; SWING CHECK VALVES are generally used on
lines handling liquids.

3. .SWING CHECK VALVES should not be used in vertical

pipelines handling liquids at high heads because
severe water hammer may result from reversal of
flow.
FOOT VALVES:
Oftentimes referred to as a
check valve. They are normally used
in vertical water piping systems
particularly in farm irrigation
systems or in domestic household
pump systems.
They are normally located at the
suction line side lessening the work
of pumps or helping NON-PRIMING
PUMPS to lessens their work.
They are normally made-up of a
WEIGHTED PIECE OF RUBBER…
 WHAT ARE PRESSURE REGULATING
VALVES??
Certain processes require a constant pressure
supply of gas and these may come from a wide range
of gas supply at varying pressures…
.
Such valves necessitates the use of calibrated
springs to perform their function as in reducing high
pressure into low pressure.
One familiar device that belongs to such
category is our very own LPG regulators used in our
own houses.
PRESSURE REGULATING VALVES…
WHAT ARE PRESSURE RELIEF/ SAFETY
VALVES??
A very important valve for safety is the
pressure relief valve. .
This valve is used in
applications where very
high pressures are used
wherein overpressure can
cause damage not only in
property but also in
terms of human casualty.
Catastrophic Explosion in a SHANGHAI, CHINA Plant due to OVERPRESSURE

Relocation of a pressure vessel in a BRAZILIAN PROVINCE due to OVERPRESSURE

 Relief valves are mainly spring loaded but
they can also be gravity operated and other
more specialised designs are available.
Such valves finds a wide array of usage in
steam, gas, air, and liquid lines….
 Such types of valves have
calibrated springs that does
not react (compress) when the
generation of pressure is still
well within range.
If there is over generation
of pressure the spring reacts
with the SEAT thereby
bleeding-off excessive
pressure.
That once the excess pressure has been taken-out,
the system stabilizes to where it was previously.
WHAT ARE RUPTURE DISCS???

Are very simple

pressure safety
devices that has no
moving part. That
when pressure is
reached pressure
escapes very
quickly…
 It is simply inserted
between two flange
faces that when the
maximum allowable
system is exceeded, the
disc would rupture,
hence the term
RUPTURE DISC….
Once the disc has ruptured, a new disc eventually
takes its place….
Its disadvantage is that there is continous
bleeding as there is no impedance to the OPENING
created (rupture)….
 Its disadvantage is that there would be a
continous bleeding/ venting of pressure due to the
uninterrupted flow at its OPENING (rupture), that a
manual shut-off is required to eventually shut the
pressure vessel itself….
 Rupture disc may
also be used in tandem
with PSV’s in cases that
the pressurized
substance inside is
corrosive…
It prevents the
internal portion of the
PSV to corrode or rust
thus if the disc
ruptures, the PSV
would function
properly…
 TYPE OF SERVICE/ CONDITION:

Operation:
Frequent

operation
In
Automatic
throttling:
For

Acting:
Fast
Valve Type/ Kind:

GLOBE VALVE Yes No Yes No

GATE VALVE No No No No
BUTTERFLY VALVE Yes Yes Yes No
BALL VALVE Yes Yes Yes No
NEEDLE VALVE Yes No No No
ANGLE VALVE Yes No No No
PINCH VALVE Yes No Yes No
DIAPHRAGM VALVE Yes No No No
PLUG VALVE Yes Yes Yes No
CHECK VALVE No Yes Yes Yes
WHAT ARE VALVE MARKINGS???
Valve markings are manufacturer’s data etched
on the said valve itself like nameplates of equipments.

They serve more

as a reminder so
that they wouldn’t
be mistaken over for
something that
would be a waste of
costs or which could
prove fatal…
BASIC VALVE COMPONENTS:
A number of valve types accommodate a wide
variety of applications. Irregardless of their types, all the
valves have the following basic parts:

1. BODY
2. BONNET
3. TRIM (Internal Elements)
4. ACTUATOR
5. PACKING
1. BODY
Is the part that houses the valves internal
components and that it should be strong enough to
withstand the maximum pressure of the process fluid..
It maybe formed thru casting or forging and
whose shape also depends upon the type of valve. And
is made from a great variety of metals and alloy which
is decided based on compatibility of fluid conveyed and
suitability of working conditions…
Inlet and outlet pipes are connected to the valve
body either thru threaded, flanged (bolted), or welded
joints.
BASIC PARTS OF A GATE VALVE:
2. BONNET
A removable cover (cap like appearance) that is
fitted usually at the top of the body ..…

Some bonnets support the moving parts of the

valve, others just close the hole in the body through
which the moving parts pass when assembling and
disassembling..…
BASIC PARTS OF A GATE VALVE:
3. TRIM (Internal Mechanism)
These are the removable internal metal parts
that come into contact with the fluid..…

Trim materials are the SEAT RING, DISC or PLUG

or BALL or DIAPHRAGM, SPACERS, STEM, GUIDES or
BUSHINGS, and INTERNAL SPRINGS..…

Valve trim materials are frequently made-up of

materials that are compatible but not the same as the
valve body material..…
BASIC PARTS OF A GATE VALVE:
4. ACTUATOR
Is the part of the valve system that actually
operates the valve..…
There are six (6) main types of actuator and
these are:
4A. Manual
4B. Self Actuated (Check Valve, PRV’s, PSV’s)
4C. Electric Motor
4D. Pneumatic
4E. Hydraulic
4F. Electric Solenoid
4A. MANUAL ACTUATORS
Manual actuators are the rotation/ actuation
of handwheels, handlevers, and wrench type of
levers by the use of hands.

On Handwheels,
such are placed in a
position where ease of
access and operation
warrants. It maybe at the
top or side of the valve…
 HANDWHEEL OPERATED VALVE
HANDLEVER OPERATED VALVE

WRENCH TYPE HANDLEVER OPERATED VALVE

 There are instances
that the handwheels may
be of HAMMER TYPE, which
allows the main handwheel
not totally fixed with the
stem to be imparted with a
greater force/ torque
(hammering) so that it may
help an operator when the
stem is stuck…
 BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
Handwheel operated valves are provided
with indicators showing the positioning of the
sealing/ throttling mechanism inside to prevent
over exertion leading to wear of threads…..
 In cases involving larger valves are needed to be
only actuated manually, a gearing system is used so as to
introduce an additional mechanical advantage to offset
the large torque required…
 Lever operated valves however give one
distinct advantage in that they give a direct
visual indication of the positioning of the
sealing/ throttling mechanism inside.

FULLY CLOSED
FULLY OPEN
 As for the hand wrench lever type
operated, they are so designed to have a
movable detachable handlever so that they
may not be altered (as in being isolated) by
any unauthorized personnel as like in a LO/TO
protocol…
 LO/TO PROTOCOL is also considered as LOCK-
OUT/ TAG-OUT PROCEDURE….
Lockout is a technique used to prevent the
release of hazardous energy, or to prevent the
hazardous energy from escaping ….

Tag-out is the placing of a

padlock on the appropriate
energy isolating device that is in
the off or closed position so
that any incoming shifting
personnel is aware that it is
prohibited to alter such energy
isolating device...
 There are even
instances wherein, a rotating
handwheel is used in tandem
with a chain in hard to reach
or access through areas with
the pipeline usually being
overhead…
 The chain is specially mounted in such a way
that it wont get tangled-up with the rotating
handwheel...
4B. SELF ACTUATED
Are valves that are actuated by fluid flow and
does not require any additional mechanical devices
to automatically actuate….
The degree of opening of its internal working
mechanism is dependent upon the rate of fluid flow….

MODERATE FLOW FULL FLOW

Valves of this type include CHECK VALVES, FOOT

VALVES, PSV’s and PRV’s….
4C. ELECTRIC MOTOR ACTUATORS
Such type of actuators allow semi-automatic
and automatic operation. The motor turns the valve
stem thru a gear train where the handwheel could be
disengaged for full automatic operation….
The motor can be
reversed either for opening/
closing controlling flow but
are suitable only for open or
closed applications
Limit switches stops
the motor when it has fully
opened or closed…
4D. PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
Are actuated by compressed air. This air pushes
the diaphragm down and then the spring’s springback
action along with the lowering of the air pressure
actuates the diaphragm to move up…

Most pneumatic
actuators actuate linear
motion valves (globe,
gate, pinch, diaphragm,
angle)…
 4E. HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS
Behaves in the same manner like pneumatic
actuators but instead uses oil or even water to move the
piston inside it… Here, hydraulic fluid
is pumped into one side
of the piston thereby
actuating the piston to
move along thus
enabling the valve to
open…
Pumping on the
other side creates the
opposite effect
(CLOSING)…
 4F. ELECTRIC SOLENOID ACTUATORS
Energizes a coil of wire by passing a current through
it, thus making it act like a MAGNET to move an IRON
ARMATURE thereby opening the linear type of valve…
When current is withdrawn,
the spring does its work enabling
the valve to close down with its
spring back action…

Such type are often

used to control air supply
to larger pneumatic valve
actuators…
5. PACKING
A sort of
GASKET, one that
prevents the leakage
of fluid from
coming-out….

This could be
a rubber material or
fibrous materials
that should be
tolerant from wear
BASIC PARTS OF A GATE VALVE:
and tear…
 Valves maybe connected in a wide variety of ways
and is totally dependent upon the pipe size diameter to
where they are to be installed…
For small diameter pipe sizes:
1. Thread Connection
2. Weld Connection
For large diameter pipe sizes:
1. Thread Connection
2. Flange Connection
3. Lug Connection
4. Wafer Connection
THREAD CONNECTION:

Just like the typical

connection of pipes where
they are “mated” with
threads. Though valves
always have the internal
threads as compared to
the external thread of the
connecting pipe.
WELD CONNECTION:
Used in instances where the valve concerned is
not too prone to failure as the only means of detaching
the valve would be to “TORCH” the valve line which is
its main drawback
They are available in two (2) types:
1. BUTTWELD TYPE
2. SOCKETWELD TYPE
BUTTWELD CONNECTION:
The valve ends are “bevelled” (tapered), same
goes with the pipe to where they are to be connected.
They are then joined by a full penetration weld.
Care must be exercised
when welding valve bodies in the
pipeline to prevent excessive
heat transmitted to valve trim
parts. Trims with low-
temperature composition
materials must be removed
before welding.
SOCKETWELD CONNECTION:

The end of the valve

(socket end) has an inside
diameter slightly larger than the
pipe outside diameter.

The pipe slips into the

socket where it butts against a
shoulder and then joins to the
valve with a full-fillet weld.
 FLANGE CONNECTION:
The most common type or
means of connection for all
types of valves…
Here the pipe and valve
ends have flanged connection
plates (pre-fabricated with
valves & fabricated with valves)
where they are eventually
connected by a number of bolts
Such flanges used also has different flange
profiles, namely: RAISED FACE FLANGE, and RING TYPE
JOINT FLANGE…
 RAISED FACE FLANGE:
As the name implies, this flange
have raised flange faces having a
“prescribed texture” to provide a
better gripping action for the
gasket that is to be inserted.

RING TYPE JOINT FLANGE:

Such type may or may not have a
“raised face” but that it include a
“slot” where the gasket is to be
inserted creating a metal to
metal seal…
 LUGGED CONNECTION:
A valve end
connected suitable only
for compact types of
valves such as the
“BUTTERFLY VALVES”…
In a lugged connection,
the valve is fastened directly to
the pipe flange by connecting
the pipe flange with bolts to the
valve body also drilled with
threads. This making the whole
assembly, a tightly bolted
connection…
 WAFER CONNECTION:
Such connection is usual
in the case of BUTTERFLY and
GATE VALVES…
As the name implies, it is
merely sandwiched between the
pipe flange faces in which there
are centering holes to prevent
misalignment and is fast
mounting…
Its disassembly process however is a bit
complicated as there is a need to use a “support” to
prevent the valve from slipping down…
VALVE TYPE: SYMBOL:
VALVE TYPE: SYMBOL:
VALVE SYMBOL ACCORDING TO HOW IT IS OPERATED:

MANUALLY MOTOR SOLENOID

OPERATED OPERATED OPERATED

PISTON CONTROL
OPERATED OPERATED