1.

THE CONCEPT OF SELF

► Internalization of norms
► Indoctrination

►Individuality and Identity

► Observation
► Imitation
► Suggestion
► Perception
► Cognition
► Motivation
Socialisation
Socialisation is seen as a lifelong process, that is, it starts at birth
and ends when a person dies.
Harry M. Johnson understands socialisation as “learning that
enables the leaner to perform social roles”. He further says it is
a “process by which individuals acquire the already existing
culture of groups they come into”.

TYPES OF SOCIALISATION
1. Primary Socialisation
2. Anticipatory Socialisation
3. Developmental Socialisation
4. Re-Socialisation
Aims of Socialisation
 Theories of
Socialisation
4.Collective consciousness
: Emile Durkheim
5.Defnition of the situation
theory:W.I.Thomas.
1. Socialisation converts man
to social being.
2. Development of
personality.
3. Become disciplined.
4. Enact different roles.
5.Provides the knowledge of
skills.
6.Develop right aspiration in
life.
7.Stability of social order.
8.Reduce social distance.
9.Scope for building brighter
future.
Social Control
 SOCIAL CONTROL

 Social control refers to the system of devices

whereby society brings its members into conformity
with the accepted standards of behavior(definition
by E.A.Ross).
 Social control is the way in which entire social
order coheres and maintains itself.
 NATURE
Social Control denotes some kind of influence ."
The influence of social control is essentially
exerted by the society or community.
The influence is exercised for promoting the
welfare of all the group as a whole.
The influence of the society has been there since
times immemorial.
The influence is universal.
 PURPOSE

• Social Control brings about social

conformity.
• Social Control brings about
solidarity.
• Social Control assures the
continuity of social group or
society.
TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL

Social Control

Formal social Informal social

control control
 FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
 In formal means of social control external sanctions are
enforced by government to prevent the establishment of
anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim,
refer to this form of control as regulation.
 Formal control is deliberately created. Various rules are laid
down to make it specific.
 The necessity of following formal control is clearly stated by
associations and institutions. Violators are given punishments
depending upon the nature and type of violation.
 The state makes use of law, administrative forces, etc., for the
purpose of social control.
 INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
 These are the reactions of individuals and groups that
bring about conformity to norms and laws which
includes peer and community pressure, bystander
intervention in a crime, and collective responses such
as citizen patrol groups.
 These are not purposefully created .They become deep-
rooted with people in their practices.
 Folk ways, mores, customs, social norms etc. fall under
this category of social control.
 Generally primary institutions such as family,
neighborhood, etc., exercise this type of social control.
Positive & Negative Social Control
• Positive means of social control exists
in the form of prizes, praise, fame
and respect.
• Negative is found in the form of
criticism, punishment and shame.
 AGENTS OF SOCIAL CONTROL

There are following agencies of social control

o Legislation
o State
o Education
o Folkways
o Mores
o Great Leaders
o Religions
o Family
o Neighborhood
o Public Opinion
 The term ‘folkways’ was introduced into sociological literature
by W. G. Sumner in a book with the title ‘Folkways’ published
in 1906.’Folk’ means people and ‘Ways’ refers to their
behavioural habits.
 Folkways are norms to which individuals conform. It is
customary to do so. Conformity to folkways is not enforced by
law or any other agency of the society.
 It is the informal acceptance of established practices in each
group or society.
 Folkways are manifested in matters of dress, food habits,
observance of rituals, forms of worship and methods of
greeting etc.
Nature of Folkways
Social in Nature

Repetitive in Character

Unplanned Origin

Informal Enforcement

Folkways Differ a Lot

Folkways are Numerous

Folkways are subject to Change

Mores is a term introduced into English by William Graham
Sumner (1840–1910), an early U.S. sociologist. Mores include
an aversion for societal taboos, such as incest.
According to R. M. MacIver and C. H.Page,”When the folkways
have added to them conceptions of group welfare, standards of
right and wrong, they are converted into mores”.
In short, mores "distinguish the difference between right and
wrong, while folkways draw a line between right and rude".
The positive mores prescribe behavior patterns while the negative
mores or taboos prescribe or prohibit behavior patterns.
 Mores are the
regulators of our social
life.

Mores are relatively

more persistent.

Mores vary from group

to group.

Mores are backed by

Values and Religion.
According to McIver and Page, ‘The socially accredited ways of acting are the customs of
society”.

Custom is a social phenomenon

Customs are followed by people mostly unconsciously

Customs are varied in nature

The origin of customs is obscure

Customs are relatively durable

All customs are not irrational

 Social Norms
• According to H.M.Johnson, “A norm is an abstract
pattern held in the mind, that sets certain limits for
behavior”.
• Social norms are universal
• Norms are related to the factual order
• Norms incorporate value judgments
• Norms are relative to situations and groups
• Norms are not always obeyed by all
• Norms vary with sanctions
• Norms are normally internalized by the people
Functional Importance of Social Norms

• Norms assist survival

• A norm less society is an impossible society
• Norms guide behavior
• Norms permit efficient functioning
• Norms help the maintenance of social order
• Norms give cohesion to society
Factors Involving Social Norms

1) Conformity
2) Deviance
 Social Values
Social values form an important part of
the culture of a society. Values account
for the stability of social order. They
provide the general guidelines for
conduct.
According to Harry M.Johnson, “Values
are general standards and maybe
regarded as higher order norms”.
 Functions of Values
• Values provide goals or ends for the
members to aim for
• Values provide for stabilities and
uniformities in group interactions
• Values bring legitimacy to the rules that
govern specific activities
• Values help to bring about some kind of
adjustment between different sets of rules
 Four Aspects of Values
• General and specific values
a) General Values
b) Specific Values
• Values are hierarchically arranged
c) Dominant Values
d) The ‘Ultimate Values’
• Explicit and implicit values
• Values may conflict with one another
 Conformity

Conformity is action that is

oriented to a social norm or
norms and falls within the
range of behavior permitted by
the norm
 Causes of Conformity
• Socialization
• Insulation
• Hierarchy of Norms
• Social Control
• Ideology
• Vested Interest
• Indoctrination
• Habituation
• Utility
• Group Identification
 Deviance
Deviance is the act of going against
the or norms. Deviant behaviors such
as cheating, crime, dishonesty,
corruption, immorality, etc., go along
with conformity. According to Horton
and Hunt, “The term deviation is
given to any failure to conform to
customary norms”.
 Types of Deviance
• Innovation-A person may innovate his own means for
achieving his goals and in this sense, he becomes a
deviant
• Ritualism-Ritualists are deviants because such persons
refuse to take courageous and possibly dangerous
action demanded by true adherence to values
• Retreatism-Those who retreat from the society refuse to
pursue wealth either by legal or illegal means
• Rebellion-It is produced by alienation from both values
and norms
 Factors Facilitating Deviance
• Faulty socialization
• Weak sanctions
• Poor enforcement
• Ease of rationalization
• Unjust or corrupt enforcement
• Ambivalence of the agent of social control
• Sub cultural support of deviance
• Sentiments of loyalty to deviant groups
• Indefinite range of norms
• Secrecy of violations
 Group Members

1.Arun 2.Afnan 3.Megha 4.Merlin 5.Stephy 6.Sudhimol

Thank You