Food Processing

• Food processing has four main stages:

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination or Egestion
• A. Ingestion – the act of eating or feeding;
this is coupled with the mechanical
breakdown of food into smaller pieces
allowing for a greater surface area for
chemical digestion.
• B. Digestion – breakdown of food into
particles, then into nutrient molecules
small enough to be Chemical digestion by
enzymes involves breaking of chemical
bonds through the addition of water, i.e.,
enzymatic hydrolysis.
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 C. Absorption – passage of
digested nutrients and fluid across
the tube wall and into the body
fluids; the cells take up (absorb)
small molecules such as amino
acids and simple sugars.
D. Elimination or Egestion –
expulsion of the undigested and
unabsorbed materials from the end
of the gut.
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 Digestion
• Types
– Mechanical (physical)
• Chew
• Tear
• Grind
• Mash
• Mix
– Chemical
• Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
A human digestive system is a group of organs working
together
in converting food into energy and basic nutrients required
for the body.
• It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract,
also called as digestive tract along with liver, pancreas,
and gallbladder which constitute the parts of the digestive
system.
• The hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract –
GI tract include the mouth, stomach, esophagus, small
intestine,
large intestine that contains rectum and anus.
•Some parts of nervous and circulatory systems
also play a major role in the digestive process.
• A combination of nerves, bacteria, hormones
, blood, and organs of digestive system complete the task
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digestion that a person consumes in a day. 6
 Digestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
– Tube within a tube
– Direct link/path between organs
– Structures
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large Intestine
• Rectum

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 Mouth
Food starts its journey from the mouth or the oral cavity.
• Teeth mechanically • Epiglottis is a flap-like
break down food into structure at the back of
small pieces. Tongue the throat that closes
mixes food with saliva over the trachea
(contains amylase, preventing food from
which helps break down entering it.
starch).
 Esophagus
• Approximately 10” long
• Functions include:
1. Secrete mucus
2. Moves food from the throat to
the stomach using muscle
movement called peristalsis
• If acid from the stomach gets in
here that’s heartburn.
 Stomach
• J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food
you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.
• Mixes food with digestive juices that
contain enzymes to break down proteins
and lipids.
• Acid in the stomach kills bacteria.
• Food found in the stomach is called chyme.

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 Small Intestine
• Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long
• Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
projections called villi, to increase surface
area.
• The villi are covered in microvilli which
further increases surface area for
absorption.

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 Small Intestine
• Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small
intestine walls.

• Absorbs:
– 80% ingested water
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids

• Secretes digestive enzymes

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 Large Intestine
• About 5 feet long
• Accepts what small intestines don’t
absorb
• Rectum (short term storage which
holds feces before it is expelled).
 Large Intestine
• Functions
– Bacterial digestion
• Ferment carbohydrates
• Protein breakdown

– Absorbs more water

– Concentrate wastes
 Accessory Organs
• Not part of the path
of food, but play a
critical role.
• Include: Liver, gall
bladder, and
pancreas
 Liver
• Directly affects digestion by producing
bile
– Bile helps digest fat
• filters out toxins and waste including
drugs and alcohol

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 Gall Bladder
• Stores bile from the
liver, releases it into the
small intestine.
• Fatty diets can cause
gallstones
 Pancreas
• Produces digestive
enzymes to digest fats,
carbohydrates and
proteins
• Regulates blood sugar
by producing insulin
 Fun Facts

• HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet

in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their
coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long!
• Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine
can last 18 hours to 2 days!
• In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle
about 50 tons!!
On a sheet of paper, write the name of
each colored organ:
• Green:
• Red:
• Pink:
• Brown:
• Purple:
• Green:
• Yellow:
 How’d you do?
• Green: Esophagus
• Red: Stomach
• Pink: Small Intestine
• Brown: Large Intestine
• Purple: Liver
• Green: Gall Bladder
• Yellow: Pancreas

Great Job!
 References and Links
• Your Digestive System and How It Works
– Digestive system diagram comes from this site
• The Real Deal on the Digestive System
• Pancreas: Introduction and Index
• Your Gross and Cool Body - Digestive System