PPMC 1 Turbines

OBJECTIVES
1. DESCRIBE the process for converting heat energy to rotational

energy in turbines.
2. DESCRIBE the components that comprise a turbine.
3. DESCRIBE reaction and impulse turbine blading.
4. DESCRIBE the function of a nozzle in turbine blading.
5. EXPLAIN the concept of turbine staging.
6. DEFINE turbine efficiency.
7. DESCRIBE the steam flow path through a turbine.
8. DESCRIBE accessories and support systems associated with

turbines.
9. DESCRIBE failure mechanisms and symptoms associated with

turbines.
© 2003 General Physics Corporation
WORK IN A TURBINE VISUALIZED
Fig 10-1
MAIN TURBINE UNIT ARRANGEMENT
Fig 10-2
IMPULSE TURBINE PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
NOZZLE
STEAM
CHEST
Fig 10-3
PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR A
TURBINE NOZZLE
PRESSURE
ENTRANCE EXIT
HIGH THERMAL ENERGY LOW THERMAL ENERGY
HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE
LOW VELOCITY HIGH VELOCITY
STEAM INLET STEAM EXHAUST
VELOCITY
Fig 10-4
IMPULSE TURBINE
NOZZLE-BLADE ARRANGEMENT
SHROUD
NOZZLE
BLADES (OR
BUCKETS)
WHEEL
N
O
TI
TA
RO
STATIONARY
DIAPHRAGM
Fig 10-5
PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR
A MOVING IMPULSE BLADE
DIRECTION OF SPIN REPRESENTS MOVING

IMPULSE BLADES
PRESSURE
TURBINE
SHAFT
ENTRANCE EXIT
HIGH VELOCITY LOW VELOCITY
VELOCITY
Fig 10-6
A FIXED IMPULSE BLADE
FIXED BLADES
NO MOVEMENT REPRESENTS NON-MOVING
IMPULSE BLADES
PRESSURE
ENTRANCE EXIT
VELOCITY
NOTE: PRESSURE AND VELOCITY OF STEAM

DO NOT CHANGE ACROSS FIXED
IMPULSE BLADE. IT IS USED ONLY
FOR DIRECTIONAL FLOW CONTROL.
Fig 10-7
REACTION TURBINE PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
STEAM CHEST Fig 10-8

A MOVING REACTION BLADE
DIRECTION OF SPIN REPRESENTS MOVING

REACTION BLADES
PRESSURE
TURBINE
SHAFT
ENTRANCE
HIGH PRESSURE EXIT
HIGH VELOCITY LOW PRESSURE
STEAM INLET LOW VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST
VELOCITY
Fig 10-9
PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR A
FIXED REACTION BLADE
FIXED BLADES
NO MOTION REPRESENTS NON-MOVING
REACTION BLADES
PRESSURE
ENTRANCE
HIGH PRESSURE EXIT
LOW VELOCITY LOW PRESSURE
STEAM INLET HIGH VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST
VELOCITY
NOTE: A FIXED REACTION BLADE

IS ESSENTIALLY A NOZZLE
Fig 10-10
IMPULSE TURBINE STAGING
NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING

BLADE BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE
1ST STAGE – 2ND STAGE –
NOZZLE & MOVING FIXED & MOVING
BLADE BLADE
VELOCITY
Fig 10-11
REACTION TURBINE STAGING

BLADE BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE

NOZZLE & MOVING BLADE FIXED & MOVING BLADE
VELOCITY
Fig 10-12
PRESSURE COMPOUNDED TURBINE
Fig 10-13
VELOCITY COMPOUNDED TURBINE
Fig 10-14
VELOCITY COMPOUNDED IMPULSE TURBINE

BLADE BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE
NOZZLE & MOVING FIXED & MOVING
BLADE BLADE
VELOCITY
Fig 10-15
PRESSURE COMPOUNDED IMPULSE TURBINE
NOZZLE MOVING NOZZLE MOVING

BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE
NOZZLE & MOVING NOZZLE & MOVING
BLADE BLADE
VELOCITY
Fig 10-16
PRESSURE-VELOCITY COMPOUNDED
IMPULSE TURBINE
CURTIS STAGE RATEAU STAGE –

NOZZLE, MOVING BLADE, NOZZLE & MOVING
FIXED BLADE, AND MOVING BLADE BLADE
NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING NOZZLE MOVING
BLADE BLADE BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE
VELOCITY
Fig 10-17
PRESSURE – VELOCITY – COMPOUNDED IMPULSE
TURBINE (CURTIS AND RATEAU STAGING TURBINE)
Fig 10-18
PRESSURE COMPOUNDED REACTION TURBINE

BLADE BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE

NOZZLE & MOVING BLADE FIXED & MOVING BLADE
VELOCITY
Fig 10-19
PRESSURE-VELOCITY COMPOUNDED
REACTION TURBINE
CURTIS STAGE 2ND STAGE –
NOZZLE, MOVING BLADE, REACTION FIXED
FIXED BLADE, AND MOVING BLADE & MOVING BLADE
NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING FIXED MOVING
BLADE BLADE BLADE BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE
VELOCITY
Fig 10-20
GENERAL ENERGY
EQUATION FOR A TURBINE
Equation 10-1
w t  hin  hout
Equation 10-2
 )  (m
w t (m  )(hin  hout )
 m
W  (hin  hout )
t
Eq 10-1, 10-2
IDEAL VS. REAL
LOW PRESSURE TURBINE PROCESS
P1 CRITICAL POINT SATURATION

SATURATION P2 VAPOR
LINE P1
VAPOR
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY (Btu/lbm)
1
h1 LINE
1
TEMPERATURE ( F)
T1
CRITICAL POINT
h2 WET STEAM P2

h2 2
2'
T2 & T2
2 2
s s
SPECIFIC ENTROPY (Btu/lbm R) SPECIFIC ENTROPY (Btu/lbm R)
(a) h-s DIAGRAM (b) T-s DIAGRAM
Fig 10-21
TURBINE EFFICIENCY
TURBINE WORK
Equation 10-3

W 
m (hin  hout,real )
t  real


W  (hin  hout,ideal )
m
ideal
(hin  hout,real )
t 
(hin  hout,ideal )
Equation 10-4

t,real  t (m)(hin  hout ,ideal )
W 
Eq 10-3, 10-4
EXAMPLE
The enthalpy of the steam entering a turbine is 1,200 Btu/lbm
and the ideal exit enthalpy of the exhaust steam is
780 Btu/lbm. The steam flow rate is 1  106 lbm/hr. The
turbine efficiency is 90%. 1 HP = 2.54  103 Btu/hr.
1. Calculate the ideal work and shaft horsepower, produced

by the turbine.

W t ,ideal  m(hin  hout,ideal )

  6 lbm  Btu Btu 

Wt,ideal   110 1,200  780 
 hr  lbm lbm 
 8 Btu
Wt,ideal  4.2 10
hr
Ex 10-1
EXAMPLE
Btu
Using the conversion factor: 1 Hp  2.54  10
3
hr
 
  
 t,ideal 8 Btu  1 Hp
W   4.2 10  
 hr   2.54  10 3 Btu 
 
 hr 

W  1.65  10 5
Hp
t ,ideal
2. Calculate the real work if  = 90%.


W    
W
t ,real t t,ideal

W  ( 0 . 90 ) (1 . 65  10 5
Hp)
t, real

W  1.49  10 5
Hp
t,real
Ex 10-1
AXIAL FLOW TURBINE
Steam
Inlet
Steam
Exhaust
Fig 10-22
DOUBLE AXIAL FLOW TURBINE
Fig 10-23
JOURNAL BEARING LUBRICATION
Shaft at Rest Rotation Starts
Thin Pad of Oil Formed Oil Wedge Supports the Shaft

Fig 10-24
THRUST BEARING
BABBIT
Fig 10-25
TAPERED-LAND THRUST BEARING
SHAFT
BEARING
SEGMENTS
THRUST
COLLAR
OIL
OIL
WEDGE COLLAR
ROTATION
Fig 10-26
TYPICAL LUBE OIL SYSTEM
Fig 10-27
LABYRINTH PACKING GLANDS
Fig 10-28
CARBON PACKING GLANDS
CARBON PACKING
BLOCK OR STRIP BORMETRIC
CONDENSER
(VACUUM)
PACKING
SPRING
KEY
TURBINE
SHELL
ATMOSPHERE
SHAFT
Fig 10-29
TYPICAL TURBINE EXHAUST HOOD
COOLING SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
Fig 10-30

PPMC 1 Turbines

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OBJECTIVES

1. DESCRIBE the process for converting heat energy to rotational

2. DESCRIBE the components that comprise a turbine.

3. DESCRIBE reaction and impulse turbine blading.

4. DESCRIBE the function of a nozzle in turbine blading.

5. EXPLAIN the concept of turbine staging.

6. DEFINE turbine efficiency.

7. DESCRIBE the steam flow path through a turbine.

8. DESCRIBE accessories and support systems associated with

9. DESCRIBE failure mechanisms and symptoms associated with

DIRECTION OF SPIN REPRESENTS MOVING

NOTE: PRESSURE AND VELOCITY OF STEAM

STEAM CHEST Fig 10-8

DIRECTION OF SPIN REPRESENTS MOVING

NOTE: A FIXED REACTION BLADE

NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING

NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING

1ST STAGE – 2ND STAGE –

NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING

NOZZLE MOVING NOZZLE MOVING

CURTIS STAGE RATEAU STAGE –

NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING

1ST STAGE – 2ND STAGE –

P1 CRITICAL POINT SATURATION

h2 WET STEAM P2

SPECIFIC ENTROPY (Btu/lbm R) SPECIFIC ENTROPY (Btu/lbm R)

(a) h-s DIAGRAM (b) T-s DIAGRAM

1. Calculate the ideal work and shaft horsepower, produced

  6 lbm  Btu Btu 

2. Calculate the real work if  = 90%.

Shaft at Rest Rotation Starts

Thin Pad of Oil Formed Oil Wedge Supports the Shaft

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