CELL

SHARIH ABDUL HADI B SHARIF ISHAK

MOHAMAD ARIS BIN MD ZAIN
CYCLE MUHAMMAD HELMY JUFRY RUSLI
NUR SYAWALLUDIN BIN MOHD NOER
RADIATION BIOLOGY RAUF ALI BIN MOHAMMAD ALI MIYA
HVB32103
 WHY CELL DIVIDES ?

• Reproduction of
• Growth and repair of tissue
• Formation of gametes in unicellular organism
multicellular organism reproduction
CELL
CYCLE
PHASES
RADIATION BIOLOGY
CELL
CYCLE
PHASES
TWO MAIN PHASES

1) MITOTIC PHASE
2) INTERPHASE
INTERPHASE

G1 PHASE
INTERPHASE- G1 PHASE
• During G1 phase, the cells prepare to go
into S phase by accumulating raw
materials and also getting bigger in size.
• Here, proteins and RNAs are synthesized
while the centromere and the other
components of the organelles such as
centrosomes are made. These
components are needed for normal
functions of DNA synthesis.
• At this stage the cells are also fully
functional.
 G1
checkpoint • At G1 checkpoint, a cell checks whether internal
and external conditions are right for division.
• G1 phase may be affected by limiting growth
factors such as nutrient supply, temperature,
and room for growth.
• These limiting factors causes cells to be unable
to proceed into S phase.
• If a cell does not clear to pass through to the S
phase, it enters the dormant G0 phase in which
there is no cellular growth or division.
INTERPHASE

S PHASE
 S PHASE

Takes approximately 10 hours

DNA synthesis or replication

Duplicates genetic material to

make identical DNA copies
 S PHASE

All DNA is copied

Two identical strands of each

chromosomes

Sister chromatids joined by

centromere
 DNA • Ensure each cells involved in cell division to
have the same genetic make-up.
Replication • Cell growth continues through S phase, as

in S phase well as synthesis of a number of proteins

and enzymes that are involved in DNA
synthesis.
• Once DNA replication is complete the cell
contains twice its normal number of
chromosomes and becomes ready to enter
the next phase called G2
INTERPHASE

G2 PHASE
 G2 Phase
• During this second phase or G2, the cell will
continue to grow and makes:
-Protein -Organelles
• Also starts to reorganize its contents to prepare for
the Mitosis phase.
• At the end of this gap is control checkpoint where it
determines if the cell is able to enter Mitosis and
divide or not.
• G2 phase ends when Mitosis begins.
MITOSIS
 Mitosis
• Mitosis is the phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle that occurs between DNA
replication and the formation of two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself.
• Mitosis actually occurs in four phases. The phases are called prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
 Prophase
• The first and longest phase of mitosis is prophase.
• During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope,
or membrane, breaks down.
• In animal cells, the centrioles near the nucleus begin to separate and move to opposite
poles (sides) of the cell. As the centrioles move, a spindle starts to form between them.

Figure : The spindle consists of fibers made of microtubules. The spindle starts to form during prophase
of mitosis. Kinetochores on the spindle attach to the centromeres of sister chromatids.
 Metaphase
• During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister
chromatids.
• The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or centre, of the cell. This is also known as
the metaphase plate.
• The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids will separate and go to different
daughter cells when the cell divides.
 Anaphase
• During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide.
• The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers. This is like reeling
in a fish by shortening the fishing line.
• One sister chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid moves to the
opposite pole. At the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes.
 Telophase
• During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the
genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells.
• The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope) form.
INTERPHASE

CYTOKINESIS
CYTOKINESIS • The cytoplasm is separated (Divison Process)

• Two daughter cells are formed

-Have half of the parent’s cytoplasm and
organelles

• After cytokinesis, each cell enters the G1

stage of interphase
Cytokinesis • Cytoplasm contracts to pull the plasma
membrane inwards, forming groove called a
in Animal cleavage furrow

Cells

Cleavage furrow!!
Cytokinesis • Vesicles formed by the Golgi Apparatus
fuse at the midline of the dividing cell
in Plant and form a cell plate
Cells

Cell plate!!
 CELL
SHARIH ABDUL HADI B SHARIF ISHAK
MOHAMAD ARIS BIN MD ZAIN
CYCLE MUHAMMAD HELMY JUFRY RUSLI
NUR SYAWALLUDIN BIN MOHD NOER
RADIATION BIOLOGY RAUF ALI BIN MOHAMMAD ALI MIYA
HVB32103

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