International Relations: Average Preparation

•
International Relations
Average Preparation
• Any text Book published for CSS , Notes of Academies , Borrowed Notes (Outdated)
• Outdated Books: Prakash Chandar, Palmer & Perkins
• Good Preparation
• Theories
1. Globalization of World Politics: John Baylis
2. World Politics: Trends and Transformation Kegley.
• 3. Understanding I.R: Chris Brown
• 4. Encyclopedia of IPE vol 1, Barry Jones
• Concepts
• 1. I.R, The Key Concepts: Martin Griffiths
• 2. Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
• 3. Dictionary of History of New Ideas
• Paper II (Int’I History)
th
• 1. International History of the 20 century and beyond: Antony Best
• Foreign Policies of Major Countries
• www.foreignaffairs.com
Ideas
Economy Strategic
International Relations 1871-1914
• Europe in 1871- Dominance of Germany: Berlin became Diplomatic capital

of Europe. France no more center of political activity. What Other
countries were doing? France, Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Great
Britain and Italy?
• Fear of Germans and their response evolved a System of Alliances in
Europe. versus France: keep her Isolated. Why? Alsace and Lorraine
• The Three Emperor Understanding 1872: Germany, Austro-Hungarian,
Russia: to maintain piece and to consult and take common action if war
• The Austro- German Dual Alliance 1879: Story of Congress of Berlin 1878
and Russian anger. if Russia joined France then Germans and Austria
would fight together.
• The New Three Emperor Understanding 1881: Germany, Austro-
Hungarian, Russia. Why Russians back in it? No love for Democracy. if any
fourth power attacked any one of above three then remaining two will
observe neutrality. Renewed in 1884 but ended in 1887 when terms of
Dual Alliance were known.
• The Triple Alliance 1882: Germany, Austro-

Hungarian Empire and Italy: reasons behind Italy
joining it? France and Italy interests in Northern
Africa
• The Reinsurance Treaty 1887: Russia and
Germany. if anyone attacked then other would
observe neutrality
• Mediterranean Agreement 1887: Austria, Italy
and England: it was an Austrian response to
Reinsurance treaty.
• German Policy failed......
• Economic and Military Cooperation between Russia and France 1888
• The Dual Alliance: Russia and France 1893. Germans were playing double game i.e.
Dual Alliance 1879 and Reinsurance treaty 1887 completely opposite to each
other. Russian and Austria had conflict of interests over Balkan.
• Option for Germans? Naval Program in 1897-8 , Berlin-Baghdad Railway Project
1897.
• France- Italy Agreement 1902: France secure against Germans. How? Italy declared
that Triple Alliance was not against France
• NOW Europe in 1902: France, Italy and Russia on one side. Austria not friendly
with Germans. Isolation policy of France backfired and now Germans are Isolated.
• Why England was not part of the game? Remember Bismarck's policy but Germans
after him started Naval Program in 1897-8 hence England's involvement in Alliance
system was inevitable. German search for alternative i.e. Ottoman Empire. Naval
program, Berlin-Baghdad Railway Project 1897 a threat for England's interests in
Persian Gulf.
• Dual Entente 1904: France and England. not a military alliance but it continued till
1914 as a military and naval collaboration.
• England-Russia Entente 1907: why no alliance between them in 19th century?
Russo-phobia
• The Triple Entente 1907: England, France and Russia. Non military but consultation
on International Affairs was must.
• .
• NOW Europe in 1907: Policies of England put Austria back in
German camp. HOW? Austrian interests in Balkan vs England's
support of Russia.
• HOWEVER, interests of Austria and Ottomans over Eastern Europe
was a problem for Germans.
• From 1907 till 1914: Arms race and Crises
• Failure of The First Hague Conference 1899 and The Second Hague
Conference 1907
• Morocco Crisis of 1906: French pressure on Ottomans and German
response... Algeciras Conference 1906
• Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1908... response to
Algeciras conference
• War and Italian betray... Treaty of London 1915
The Bolsheviks and Inter War period
1917- 1939
• Early developments: Violent socialist revolution. Nobility,

capitalists, industrialists, senior army officials killed. A reign of
Terror through the institution of Cheka, a revolutionary tribunal.
Tsar and his family executed in July 1918
• Bolshevik regime 1917-1939: Early Problems: Militant Communism:
"a dictatorship of the proletariat"... early steps: immediately make
peace with central forces. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 1918 WHY?
.. then Nationalization of industries which will be controlled by
workers and distribution of land among peasants...
• The Great Civil War 1918-20: Reds versus Whites.....
• War with Poland 1921. factors behind war and end was the victory
of Reds...
The Bolsheviks and Inter War period
1917- 1939
• International Relations under LENIN: first major step was Geneva
Conference with Western Powers and its failure led to economic ties
between Germans and Russia in 1922 Treaty of Rapallo...
• International Relations under STALIN: revival of Old rivalry Russia versus
Japan... impact of foreign policy of Russia i.e. Non-aggression pact with all
western neighbors 1932 and also France 1932
• Rise of Hitler and New turns in international relations: US recognized
russia 1933. Russia promised no communist propaganda in US. Russians
got permanent seat in League of Nations 1934.
• Conflict of Interest with Germans over Ukarine and its impact i.e. France-
Russia alliance 1935. Russia- Czechoslovakia Alliance 1935. both in a span
of two weeks.
• The U-turn: Hilter annexed Czechoslovakia March 1939 and what was
Western Democracies and Russia were doing? No clear guarantees from
west and Stalin surprised world by signing Non-aggression pact with
Germany August 1939... immediate impact German Invasion of Poland....
Evolution of Cold War
• Understanding the evolution of the concept
• What is Cold War? a term used to describe the confrontation of the two power blocs organized into
defensive pacts. In the 20th century this rivalry took shape during WW II with the involvement of
USSR and US.
• Point to be noted: Churchill in 1941, "The Russian danger is our danger". Co-operation between
both against common enemy.
• How two major powers emerged on the map of the world? Rethinking Lenin's quote, "Who has
Germany, has Europe".... but in 1945 NO GERMANY...
• What were conditions of France, Great Britain?
• Americans were superior in all affairs then why a cold war was witnessed?
• a. Russia 20-25 million deaths... reconstruction work at home
b. 50 percent world industrial output. 1/3rd of the total world export
c. Troops were present in Asia, Europe. Largest Navy and Air force and monopoly over Atomic Bomb
•
• American distinctive disadvantage in Europe? Rethinking American Isolationist policy....
• Apprehension of Western Europe power? Threat from Russia, Economic conditions of Europe
would lead to totalitarian models of 1920s and 30s.... Americans must play their role...
Evolution of Cold War
• The Beginning: German Question
• Big Three conference in 1945 Yalta, program to prevent German threat in future.
denazification, demilitarization, decentralization. Germany be divided in four
parts...
• 10 billion US dollar reparation issue...Russian bid of merger in 1946 in East
Germany
• Western response... Idea of Bizone 1st January 1947
• 1949: Two Germanies: FRG and GDR....
• Eastern Europe
• In addition to Germany , the communist take-overs in the Eastern Europe, 1944-
48, is also considered as a major cause behind Cold War.
• Churchill's "Iron Curtain Policy".....
• Russian Response COMECON 1949... first Socialist regimes then Economic co-
operation ...
• Examples of Yugoslavia 1946, Albania 1944, Poland 45-50, special example of
Hungary 1945 and 1949, Bulgaria 1946, Romania 1947 and Czechoslovakia 1948
• Special case of Finland "Treaty of Friendship 1948"
•
Cold War: First Phase
The Policy of Containment
• American goal was strengthening Capitalism, minimizing left-wing influence and prevent the Soviet
Union from extending its influence beyond those areas that the Red Army controlled at the end of
the war.
• from isolationism to Involvement: Historic impact of Kennan's "Long Telegram" first time used the
word CONTAINMENT... 1947
• "if you are tough, the Soviets will eventually step back" Two examples which encouraged the Policy
of Containment towards USSAR, Turkey and Iran...
• The first Proxy Greece Civil War and American involvement through TRUEMAN DOCTRINE 1947
• Marshall Plan 1947..also known as ERP.. European Recovery Plan (Economic containment) .... .aid,
loans, grants etc for European countries to strengthen their economies... 48-52 13 billion US dollars
to 14 European countries...
• Political containment NATO 4th April 1949... An alliance for Peace as American said it..
Cold War: First phase
• Cold War on EVERY FRONT
• Factors behind Globalized Cold War:
• USSR Atomic bomb test 1949
• Chinese Revolution of 1949 and Sino-Soviet Alliance 1949
• NSC-68 in 1950 and American bid for heavy militarization
• Korean War 1950
• Rapid militarization of Western European countries WHY?
• wide-ranging alliance system by US; Bilateral Pacts.....Japan 1951,
Philippines 51, Spain 52, South Korea 53, Taiwan 54. Multilateral Pacts...
ANZUS 51, SEATO 54, CENTO 55
• All these developments are linked with Policy of Containment...
• Rebirth of German Question... 1954 entry of West Germany in NATO and
Russian response WARSAW PACT 1955
• Decolonization: 1946-1960, 37 colonies became independent. By 1960, 28
guerrilla wars in these areas. Proxies of East and West...
Cold War: First Phase
• Berlin Wall 1961: Peak of Tight Bipolarity?
• Factors behind building of Berlin Wall
• Contextualizing previous points mentioned above on
German Question and Rebirth of German Question
• USSR demanding evacuation of Western allies from Berlin
1958: WHY? two major reasons.... brain drain from east
Germany to West Germany & American U2 spy flights....
• Failure of Four Power Paris Summit 1960 and Soviet-
American Summit in Vienna June 1961...
• August 1961 building of Berlin Wall started... became a
symbol of cold war....
• for the first time a silent STATUS QUO witnessed in the Cold
War
Cold War: 2nd Phase
• FROM COLD WAR TO DETENTE 1962-79
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Why Cuba for Cold War?
• Contextualizing American foreign policy towards Latin america
• Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961
• 13 days of October 1962... Russian pressure and Kennedy's Quarantine
Cuba policy
• Heat witnessed in Europe: NATO prepared
• End of Crisis 28th October: HOW?
• Cold War: New strategies in post Cuban Crisis:
• Emergence of the idea of MAD.
• Establishment of HOT LINE 1963
• LTBT 1963... GB, US, USSR
• Emergence of the Idea of "Balance of Terror" minimized Nuclear War
Cold War: 2nd Phase
• Europeans start thinking of Detente
• Impact of Cuban Crisis on European Leadership?
• Vietnam War 1965 and NATO's refusal to join it. WHY?
• American Economy of 1960s from 50 percent to 33 percent. Impact on
European mind...
• Balance of Terror may spark conventional warfare in Europe... Harmel
Report 1967
• Those developments were a pressure on US...
• Other side: Soviets too interested in detente
• Sino-Soviet Schism 1960-69
• Problems in eastern Europe: Albania, Romania moving towards China
• USSR's advance notion towards Detente 1967... exclude US and have a
detente... West refused...
• Prague Spring and Brezhnev Doctrine 1968...
• was detente still possible? YES....
Cold War: 2nd Phase
• Triangular Diplomacy and the Two detentes
• Sino-Soviet hostility was used as a diplomatic card

• Policy of "Opening to China" by US... Kissinger's secret visits to China and Nixon's visit of Feb 72
• impact of Triangular diplomacy: SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties) 72, Prevention of Nuclear
War agreement 73, tentative agreement on SALT II 74...
• European detente also started from 1970 till 1975 four major agreement between East
Germany/USSR and Western Europe. Helsinki Accords 1975 peak of European detente... 35
European countries
• Detente in Trouble and its death
• Factors: Russian influence in Africa: supporting Angola civil war, Ethiopia vs Somalia proxy
• Congress ban MFN status to USSR
• Congress's Anti-interventionism provided strong reasons for USSRs interventionism....
• Iranian Revolution 1979
• USSR invasion of Afghanistan 1979
• SALT II withdrew by US, 1980 Olympics boycotted...
• Confrontation once again replaced Detente...
End of Cold War
• The End of Cold War and New World 1980-2001
• Introduction: The beginning of an END
• Cold War was an International System. it began to fade away in the
decade 1975-85
• Rise of New broader developments: Increase in International trade,
Rise of Asian Tigers, evolution of Communication and Computers
i.e. Rise of Information Age.
• How Americans reacted ? Election campaign of Reagan.....
• How Soviets reacted? Perestroika of Gorbachev...
• Collapse of Socialist economies in Eastern Europe 1989
• 1991 Soviet Union collapsed
• Post Cold War era witnessed an imbalance of Power...
• Democracy and Capitalism thrived but genocides and terrorism also
thrived...
End of Cold War
• Debating the End of Cold War: Collapse of USSR
• Afghanistan War and its impact on USSR economy.
• Policy of helping third world revolutionaries
• Solidarity Movement: A voice from Poland became voice of Eastern
Europe, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Fall of Berlin Wall 1989...
• The Frank Sinatra Doctrine
• Reunification of Germany 1990 and its impact on all soviet republics...
• Resignation of Gorbachev 25th Dec 1991
• Three major reasons:
• The Bankruptcy of Soviet State (US build up and USSR internal reform
response)
• The Advent of Information Age and USSR response
• Internal Decline: lack of political legitimacies in Soviet republics and
Satellites in Eastern Europe..
The New World Order
• The New World Order
• First manifestation: Gulf War 1990-91
• American power in support of "collective security" led to the idea that Cold
War had now been replaced by a fresh paradigm- New World Order- in
which Washington would impose its values on the rest of the world.
• The dominance of United States in post cold war era: Some Manifestations
• Internal conditions of US during 90s...
• a. Transformation of World Economy
• Projection of Economic Power: driving forward the process of globalization
i.e. WTO
• World Trade Organization? Making GATT in 1995 into a permanent
institution that would work for the progressive lowering of tariffs.
• American Pacific policies: persuading Southeast Asian economies to open
them for international Investments.
• c. New Russia and the WEST
• incorporating into new system of West. First manifestation PfP 1994... defense cooperation
• economic Incorporation through G7+1. A psychological boost... ?????????
• d. Influence in Americas: Western Hemisphere

• Non interventionist policy towards Latin America during 1980s as opposed to 1960s policies...
• Use of forces in 1990s in Panama and Haiti under the pretext of Wilsonian Internationalism...
• NAFTA 1992
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• it brought together US, Canada, Mexico into a trading bloc.
• Three countries pledged to eliminate trade barriers, duties and tariffs
• Mexico economy opened for US and Can investment.
• Mexico-US trade doubled just within 5 years. 83 to 157
• efforts of WHTFA failed...
• Sharpe differences in NAFTA/ proposed WHTFA and EU?
• f. Post Cold war Europe and US
• Clinton administration's role in beginning of
peace process between Britain and Republic
of Ireland. Belfast agreement 1998
• NATOs role in Bosnian crisis and US role in
imposing sanctions on Serbia 1992
• Kosovo crisis defused by NATO 1999
• Policy of absorbing ex-soviet satellites in NATO
• g. US and Africa
• Rise of Democratic spirit in Algeria, Angola,
Mozambique, Ethopia and most importantly
South Africa
• Other side of the picture which NWO failed to
addressed and it's a blot on its image i.e. Rwanda
crisis, Congo civil war etc
• Problems US failed to address: HIV, debt crisis,
unwillingness of West to develop trade links with
Africa...
•
• e. US and Middle East
• The collapse of USSR removed the cold war framework
which had been an obstacle to conflict resolutions.
• PLOs support of Iraq in 1990 and apprehensions of US
• One million Jews to be absorbed in Israel from former
soviet areas
• Madrid Conference 1991: bilateral and multilateral
tracks
• Oslo Accords first initiative 13th September 1993
• 1995 coming of conservative Netanyahu
TERRORISM
The meaning of terrorism is socially
constructed.
• terrorism lies the word terror. Terror comes from
the Latin terrere, which means “frighten” or
“tremble.” When coupled with the French suffix
isme (referencing “to practice”), it becomes akin
to “practicing the trembling” or “causing the
frightening.”
• The word terror is over 2,100 years old.
• Terrorism is a pejorative term. Examples?
•
Defining Terrorism
• Studies have found more than 200 definitions of terrorism. In fact, Simon
(1994) reports that at least 212 different definitions of terrorism exist
across the world; 90 of them are recurrently used by governments and
other institutions.
• Schmid and Jongman (1998) They gathered over a hundred academic and
official definitions of terrorism and examined them to identify the main
components. They discovered that the concept of violence emerged in
83.5% of definitions; political goals emerged in 65%; causing fear and
terror in 51%; arbitrariness and indiscriminate targeting in 21%; and the
victimization of civilians, noncombatants, neutrals, or outsiders in 17.5%.
• Merari (1993) found that, in the U.S., Britain, and Germany, there are
three common elements that exist in the legal definitions of terrorism of
those countries: (1) the use of violence, (2) political objectives, and (3) the
aim of propagating fear in a target population.
Defining Terrorism
• •• Walter Laqueur: “Terrorism is the use or the threat of the use of violence, a method of combat, or a strategy to
achieve certain targets… [I]t aims to induce a state of fear in the victim, that is ruthless and does not conform with
humanitarian rules… [P]ublicity is an essential factor in the terrorist strategy.”
• •• Bruce Hoffman: “Terrorism is ineluctably political in aims and motives, violent—or, equally important,
threatens violence, designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or
target, conducted by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure (whose
members wear no uniform or identifying insignia), and perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity.”
• •• Alex Schmid and Albert Jongman: “Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action,
employed by (semi-)clandestine individual, group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons,
whereby—in contrast to assassination—the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate
human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or
symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators.”
• •• David Rapoport: terrorism is “the use of violence to provoke consciousness, to evoke certain feelings of
sympathy and revulsion.”
• •• Yonah Alexander: terrorism is “the use of violence against random civilian targets in order to intimidate or to
create generalized pervasive fear for the purpose of achieving political goals.”
Defining Terrorism
• •• Stephen Sloan: the definition of terrorism has evolved over time, but its political, religious, and ideological
goals have practically never changed.
• •• League of Nations Convention Definition of Terrorism (1937): terrorist acts are “all criminal acts directed
against a State and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or a group
of persons or the general public.”
• •• U.S. Department of Defense Definition of Terrorism: terrorism refers to “the calculated use of unlawful violence
or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in
the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.”
• •• U.S. Department of State: terrorism is “premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against
noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine state agents.”
• •• Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism: terrorism is “any act or threat of violence, whatever its
motives or purposes, that occurs in the advancement of an individual or collective criminal agenda and seeking to
sow panic among people, causing fear by harming them, or placing their lives, liberty or security in danger, or
seeking to cause damage to the environment or to public or private installations or property or to occupying or
seizing them, or seeking to jeopardize a national resources.”
• Yasser Arafat, late Chairman of the PLO (the Palestine Liberation Organization), notably said in a 1974 speech
before the United Nations, “[O]ne man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.”
Most Universally Accepted Definition
• There is no universally agreed-on definition of

terrorism. At best, we have a “most universally
accepted” definition of terrorism, which is the
following:
• terrorism is the use of violence to create fear

for (1) political, (2) religious, or (3) ideological
reasons
THINKING HISTORICALLY
BRIEF HISTORY OF TERRORISM
• Accounts of terrorism existed before the word itself was invented.
• Assurnasirpal, the conqueror and king of Assyria (884–860 BCE)
• In 9 CE, Germanic tribes conducted guerrilla attacks against passing Roman brigades. Approximately
15,000 Roman soldiers were killed and hundreds more slain after being taken prisoner. For the
Romans, such Barbarian resistance would have been considered terrorism.
• Sicarii (66–73 CE), a Zealot-affiliated religious sect fighting against Roman occupiers in Palestine and
Jerusalem. The Sicarii’s most fundamental justification was that all means were legitimate to
achieve political and religious liberation.
• During the Middle Ages, in 11th century Persia, the Assassins were a religious sect striking terror
against the empire of Saladin and resisted the armies of the Ottoman Empire.
• French Revolution: Reign of Terror
• Terrorism in 20th century and beyond

THINKING THEORITICALLY
OLD TERRORISM VS. NEW TERRORISM
• Walter Laqueur (1999), a prominent terrorism expert,
suggests that “there has been a radical transformation, if
not a revolution, in the character of terrorism”. Laqueur
compares old terrorism with new terrorism. Old terrorism
is terrorism that strikes only selected targets. New
terrorism is terrorism that is indiscriminate; it causes as
many casualties as possible.
• Another major feature of new terrorism is the increasing

readiness to use extreme indiscriminate violence. Laqueur
argues that “the new terrorism is different in character,
aiming not at clearly defined political demands but at the
destruction of society and the elimination of large sections
of the population”.
THINKING THEORITICALLY
OLD TERRORISM VS. NEW TERRORISM
• Terrorism has changed because of a paradigm shift. Many scholars argue
that the paradigm shift from old to new terrorism occurred at some point
in the 1990s, with the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New
York and the 1995 sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway system.
• concept of new terrorism identify the strict compliance with religion,

predominantly radical Islam, as one of its main characteristics. While old
terrorism was mainly secular in its focus and drive, new terrorism works
hand-in-glove with religious fanaticism.
• Gurr and Cole (2000) examined the sixty-four international terrorist

organizations that existed in 1980; they found that only two of them were
religious organizations (only 3% in total). By 1995, the number of religious
terrorist organizations rose sharply to twenty-five out of fifty-eight (43% in
total). It was an increase of 40% in just fifteen years.
Comparison between Old and New
Terrorism
• For Ganor (2002), the comparison between old and new terrorism can be articulated through the
differences between classical, modern, and postmodern terrorism.
• Classical terrorism means that group warfare is direct; it is aimed at specific targets with few
casualties (e.g., assassinations) or wreaks havoc on “non-significant” facilities. The damage is fairly
low because the terrorist acts are perpetrated to achieve a specific political objective.
• In modern terrorism, a more indirect approach is used; attacks are more indiscriminate and
destruction is much higher, inflicting hundreds of casualties. Although conventional weapons are
used in modern terrorism, they are used to create mass fatalities.
• Postmodern terrorism has the objective of altering the reality of the conflict (with its enemy) by
the very act of terrorism—such as using CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
weapons; pronounced C-BURN) weapons or attacks against symbols of the enemy—to materially
demolish as much of their adversary as possible. The objective here is to eliminate the source of
conflict itself.
Comparison between Old and New
Terrorism
Four Waves of Terrorism
• The comparison between old and new terrorism can also be explained through the
evolution of terrorism in four waves, the Fourth Wave being new terrorism.
• The First Wave was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• The Second Wave was the colonial wave, confined within national geographical
boundaries from 1921 until today.
• The Third Wave was the contemporary wave; it introduced international

terrorism, crossing national boundaries, which began in the 1960s.
• The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks gave rise to the Fourth Wave of
terrorism (both for the U.S. and nations worldwide). The Fourth Wave is
symbolized by religious justification for killing, international scope, unparalleled
gory tactics and weapons, and dependence on technologies of modernity.
CAUSES OF TERRORISM
THINKING CONCEPTUALLY
• Why do people resort to terrorism? The reasons are
complex and plentiful.
• The factors that motivate people to join and remain in

terrorist groups can be religious, economic, social,
psychological, retaliatory, and so forth.
• Below is a list of causes, based on an extensive

examination of journal articles and books on terrorism
written by various experts on the matter.
Religion
• religious fanaticism is an extreme sense of ideological zeal complemented by a
focused and unrelenting set of activities that express the high dedication of one or
more people to their own belief system(s). Radical religious Islamism has been
identified as a root cause of terrorism.
• In the early 1950s, Hizb ut-Tahrir (The Liberation Party) advocated the collapsing of
Arab regimes and the formation of an Islamic state. In 1952, Jordan and all other
Arab states banned the party.
• As one Hamas fighter said, “Before I start shooting, I start to concentrate on

reading verses of the Qur’an because the Qur’an gives me the courage to fight the
Israelis.”
• Christians have also committed acts of religious extremism. For example, in the
U.S., radical Christian killers have been involved in abortion-clinic bombings and
militia actions. Likewise, in Northern Ireland, Catholics and Protestants have
perpetrated terrorist acts.
Oppression
• terrorism can be the result of groups’ portrayal of governments as oppressive.
Terrorism, then, feeds on the desire to reduce the power of opponents. In
autocratic societies, military-occupied areas, or even in the international arena
where political expression is limited, groups opposing the current state of affairs
may engage in terrorism as a principal method of expression and not as a last
resort.
• case of nationalist-separatist movements (e.g., ETA, Hamas), terrorists often invoke

the unfairness of their treatment by governments that deprive them of identity,
dignity, security, and freedom as the main reason for joining terrorist groups.
• Chechen Black Widows are reported to retaliate against Russians for their own
experience of rape by the Russian military or for the deaths of their husbands and
male family members and friends.
• In the late 1800s, Andrei Zhelyabov, a leader of People’s Will (a terrorist

organization) and the architect of many political assassinations (e.g., the bombs
that killed Czar Alexander II), resorted to terrorist activities as a promise to revenge
the many crimes by the monarchist regime that he experienced directly.
Historical Grievances
• terrorists target governments and groups they view as responsible for historical
injustices.
• For Crenshaw (1981), avenging comrades or the community is “the single common
emotion that drives the individual to become a terrorist”.
• Chechen terrorists have defended their terrorist attacks by alluding to Russia’s

long-lasting rejections of Chechen desire for independence, and the old and cruel
history of Russian invasion of Chechnya dating back to the 17th century.
• The Basque separatist movement ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), Sikh extremists (in
India), the IRA, the ANC (in South Africa), and pro-Palestinian terrorist groups have
all looked for vengeance for historical grievances.
• Resentment and revenge are a major principle in the writings of the thinkers of
jihad.
Violations of international law
• The international rule of law is the standard by which all nations are
subject to and bound by supranational legal covenants. Enduring conduct
such as extended military occupation or foreign domination in violation of
U.N. resolutions may be a major cause.
• According to Imre, Mooney, and Clarke (2008), Palestinians were not

granted justice through the U.N. and other legal channels.
• Other examples of violations of international law include the failure of
Britain to protect the rights of Palestinians after the Balfour Declaration
(1917)
• the failure of the Paris Peace Conference to grant Arab autonomy under
the Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
• the annexation of Palestinian territory by Jews in the 1940s and the

resulting eviction of thousands of Palestinians from their land.
Relative Deprivation
• multiple scholars have found a strong link between poverty
and terrorism. In view of the 70% adult unemployment rate
in Gaza, the GDP of less than $1,000 throughout the
Palestinian Territories, the very limited economic
opportunities due to the unsettled Israeli–Palestinian
conflict, and the cultural prominence of the male wage
earner role, it is easy to allude to the possibility that
relative deprivation has helped trigger Palestinian
terrorism.
• In Peru, the popularity of the Shining Path (Sendero

Luminoso) in the 1960s, where government economic
restructurings initially gave hope but then failed, is another
historical case of relative deprivation.
Hatred toward the global economic
hegemony
• countries that express hatred toward the global economic
hegemony will produce more terrorist groups. The
background that gave birth to Al Qaeda, namely
Afghanistan and Pakistan, symbolizes this notion. Many
terrorists abhor the World Trade Organization (WTO).
• According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, the

September 11, 2001 attacks shattered $16 billion of private
and government property, including structures, computer
equipment, and software. The loss is of the same degree as
that caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and the California
earthquake of 1994.
Financial gain
• terrorism can be used for sheer financial gain. Generally,
corporate hostage taking in Central and South America, and
hostage taking by the Abu Sayyaf group in the Philippines,
happens more out of a desire to earn a ransom than
achieving political goals.
• In 1987, the Iran-Contra scandal concluded with an arms-

for-hostage deal, even when the Reagan administration
initially refused to negotiate with terrorists.
• After Palestinian bombers commit suicide, their families

earn subsequent social status and are usually secured a
financial reward.
Racism
• racism can be a powerful method for dehumanizing
adversaries and accomplishing moral disengagement.
• Gottschalk (2004) found that both Palestinian and

Israeli terrorists draw on stereotypes and racism to
dehumanize the other group.
• Similarly, the FBI-watched Aryan Brotherhood (a group

of devious bikers formed in U.S. prisons) identifies with
Nazi ideals (as noticed with their Nazi symbols) and has
vowed to remove the Jewish and Black races out of the
earth.
Guilt by association
• for terrorists, you are the company that you keep.
• For example, the 2004 Madrid train bombings were
executed by an Al Qaeda–inspired terrorist cell. One of the
motives was Spain’s involvement in the Iraq War, where the
country had troops.
• Likewise, since decolonization in continents like Africa and
South America, the West has been the target of terrorist
attacks because it has been accused of making local
minorities of Westernized people become ruling elites.
• Accordingly, the latter is blamed for the substandard quality
of Third World governance because of a partnership
between corrupt Third World elites and their backers in the
West.
•
Globalization
What is Globalization?
• Globalization is defined in many ways by scholars
• "The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant
localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice versa." Giddens
• "The integration of the world-economy." Gilpin
• "De-territorialization- or... the growth of supra territorial relations
between people." Scholte
• "Time-Space compression." Harvey
• "By globalization we simply mean the process of increasing
interconnectedness between societies such that events in one part of the
world more and more have effects on peoples and societies far away.
These events can be divided into three types, social, economic and
political." John Baylis
• Some manifestations/ contributors: World Wide Web, worldwide

television communications, global newspapers, International social
movements like Amnesty International, global franchises, global economy,
global risks, global agendas etc
Globalization: A Historical context
• (try to understand in the context of
Interconnectedness).
• Globalization is not a novel idea. It is viewed as a
historical process by which human civilizations
have come to form a single world system. It has
occurred in three distinct waves.
• The Age of Discovery and subsequent
developments 1450-1850
• The second Wave 1850-1945: spread of European
Empires
• Contemporary Wave 1960-
The Engines of Globalization
• Explanations of globalization tend to focus on three
interrelated factors, namely: technics (technological
change and social organization); economics (markets and
capitalism); and politics (power, interests, and institutions).
• Technics is central to any account of globalization since it
is a truism that without modern communications
infrastructures, in particular, a global system or worldwide
economy would not be possible.
• Economics—crucial as technology is, so too is its
specifically economic logic. Capitalism’s insatiable
requirement for new markets and profits lead inevitably to
the globalization of economic activity.
• Politics—shorthand here for ideas, interests, and power—
constitutes the third logic of globalization. If technology
provides the physical infrastructure of globalization,
politics provides its normative infrastructure.
Governments, such as those of the USA and the UK, have
been critical actors in nurturing the process of globalization
Patterns in which process of
Globalization can be easily
•
understood
Globalization, to varying degrees, is evident in all the principal sectors of social activity:
• Economic: in the economic sphere, patterns of worldwide trade, finance, and production are
creating global markets and, in the process, a single global capitalist economy—what Castells
(2000) calls ‘global informational capitalism’. Multinational corporations organize production and
marketing on a global basis while the operation of global financial markets determines which
countries get credit and upon what terms.
• Military: in the military domain the global arms trade, the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, the growth of transnational terrorism, the growing significance of transnational
military corporations, and the discourse of global insecurity point to the existence of a global
military order.
• Legal: the expansion of transnational and international law from trade to human rights alongside
the creation of new world legal institutions such as the International Criminal Court is indicative of
an emerging global legal order.
• Ecological: a shared ecology involves shared environmental problems, from global warming to
species protection, alongside the creation of multilateral responses and regimes of global
environmental governance.
• Cultural: involves a complex mix of homogeneity and heterogeneity given the global diffusion of
popular culture, global media corporations, communications networks, etc., simultaneously with
the reassertion of nationalism, ethnicity, and difference. But few cultures are hermetically sealed
off from cultural interaction.
• Social: shifting patterns of migration from South to North and East to West have turned migration
into a major global issue as movements come close to the record levels of the great nineteenth
century movements of people.
Theoretical Approaches vis-a-vis
Globalization
• Theory of Modernization:
• Medelski and Morse: According to these writers, industrialization brings into
existence a whole new set of contacts between societies, and changes the
political, economic, and social processes that characterized the pre-modernized
world. Crucially, industrialization altered the nature of the state, both widening its
responsibilities and weakening its control over outcomes. The result is that the old
power-politics model of international relations becomes outmoded. Force
becomes less usable, states have to negotiate with other actors to achieve their
goals, and the very identity of the state as an actor is called into question. In many
respects it seems that modernization is part of the globalization process.
• Universality of Economic patterns:
• Waltz Rostow: who argued that economic growth followed a pattern in all
economies as they went through industrialization. Their economies developed in
the shadow of more ‘developed’ economies until they reached the stage where
they were capable of self-sustained economic growth. What this has in common
with globalization is that Rostow saw a clear pattern to economic development,
one marked by stages which all economies would follow as they adopted capitalist
policies. There was an automaticity to history that globalization theory also tends
to rely on
• Global Village:
• McLuhan: According to McLuhan, advances in electronic communications
resulted in a world where we could see in real time events that were
occurring in distant parts of the world. For McLuhan, the main effects of
this development were that time and space become compressed to such
an extent that everything loses its traditional identity. As a result, the old
groupings of political, economic, and social organization simply do not
work anymore. Without doubt, McLuhan’s work significantly anticipates
some of the main themes of globalization, although it should be noted
that he was talking primarily about the communications revolution,
whereas the globalization literature tends to be much more extensive.
• Cobweb model of World politics:
• John Burton: who spoke of the emergence of a world society. According to
Burton, the old state system was becoming outmoded, as increasingly
significant interactions took place between non-state actors. It was Burton
who coined the phrase the ‘cobweb’ model of world politics. The central
message here was that the most important patterns in world politics were
those created by trade, communications, language, ideology, etc., along
with the more traditional focus on the political relations between states.
• The WOMPers:
• World Order Models Project 1968: Mendlovitz: in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s,
there was the visionary work of those associated with the World Order Models
Project (WOMP), which was an organization set up in 1968 to promote the
development of alternatives to the inter-state system which would result in the
elimination of war. What is most interesting is that they focused on the questions
of global government that today are central to much work going on under the
name of globalization. For WOMPers (as they were known), the unit of analysis is
the individual, and the level of analysis is the global. Interestingly, by the mid-
1990s WOMP had become much wider in its focus, concentrating on the world’s
most vulnerable people and the environment.
• International Society versus International system:

• Hedley Bull: there are important parallels between some of the ideas of
globalization and the thoughts of those who argued for the existence of an
international society. Prominent among these was Hedley Bull (1977), who pointed
to the development over the centuries of a set of agreed norms and common
understandings between state leaders, such that they effectively formed a society
rather than merely an international system. However, although Bull was perturbed
by the emergence of what he called the ‘new medievalism’, in which a series of
sub national and international organizations competed with the state for authority,
he did not feel that the nation-state was about to be replaced by the development
of a world society.
• End of History:
• Francis Fukuyama: globalization theory has several points in common with
the infamous argument of Francis Fukuyama (1992) about the end of
history. Fukuyama’s main claim is that the power of the economic market
is resulting in liberal democracy replacing all other types of government.
Though he recognizes that there are other types of political regime to
challenge liberal democracy, he does not think that any of the alternatives,
such as communism, fascism, or Islam, will be able to deliver the
economic goods in the way that liberal democracy can. In this sense there
is a direction to history and that direction is towards the expansion of the
economic market throughout the world.
• Liberal/ Democratic Peace Theory:

• there are very marked similarities between some of the political aspects
of globalization and long-standing ideas of liberal progress. These have
most recently been expressed as liberal peace theory, although it goes
back centuries to writers such as Immanuel Kant. The main idea is that
liberal democracies do not fight one another, and although of course there
can be dispute as to what is a liberal democracy, adherents to this view
claim quite plausibly that there is no case where two democracies have
ever gone to war. The reason they claim this is that public accountability is
so central in democratic systems that publics will not allow leaders easily
to engage in wars with other democratic nations. Again the main link with
globalization is the assumption that there is progress to history, and that
this is making it far more difficult to start wars
Globalization versus Theories of IR
• Realism: For Realists, globalization does not alter the most significant feature of world politics,
namely the territorial division of the world into nation-states. While the increased
interconnectedness between economies and societies might make them more dependent on one
another, the same cannot be said about the states-system. Here, states retain sovereignty, and
globalization does not render obsolete the struggle for political power between states. Nor does it
undermine the importance of the threat of the use of force or the importance of the balance of
power. Globalization may affect our social, economic, and cultural lives, but it does not transcend
the international political system of states
• Idealism/Liberalism: For Liberals, the picture looks very different. They tend to see globalization as
the end product of a long-running transformation of world politics. For them, globalization
fundamentally undermines Realist accounts of world politics since it shows that states are no
longer such central actors as they once were. In their place are numerous actors, of differing
importance according to the issue-area concerned. Liberals are particularly interested in the
revolution in technology and communications represented by globalization. This increased
interconnectedness between societies, which is economically and technologically led, results in a
very different pattern of world political relations from that which has gone before. States are no
longer sealed units, if ever they were, and as a result the world looks more like a cobweb of
relations than like the state model of Realism or the class model of Marxist theory.
• Marxism: For Marxist theorists, globalization is a bit of a sham. It is nothing particularly new, and is
really only the latest stage in the development of international capitalism. It does not mark a
qualitative shift in world politics, nor does it render all our existing theories and concepts
redundant. Above all, it is a Western-led phenomenon which basically simply furthers the
development of international capitalism. Rather than make the world more alike, it further deepens
the existing divide between the core, the semi-periphery, and the periphery
Globalization: Myth or Reality?
•
• In Favour of Globalization:
•
• Pace of Economic transformation is so great that it has created a new world system. States are no longer closed
units and they cannot control their economies. The world economy is more interdependent than ever, with trade
and finances ever expanding
• Communications have fundamentally revolutionized the way we deal with the rest of the world. We now live in a
world where events in one location can be immediately observed on the other side of the world.
• A Global Culture: There is now, more than ever before, a global culture that most of the urban areas resemble one
another. The world is rapidly sharing a common culture.
• A Homogeneous World: The world is becoming more homogeneous. Differences between peoples are diminishing
• .
• Compression of Time and Space: Time and space seems to be collapsing. Old ideas of geographical space and of
chronological time are undermined by the speed of modern communications and media
• A Global Polity: There is emerging a global polity with transnational social and political movements and the
beginning of a transfer of allegiance from national to transnational and inter-national bodies.
•
• A Cosmopolitan Mindset: is developing. People are beginning to think Globally and act Locally.
• Global Risks: A risk culture is emerging with people realizing both that the main risks that face them are global and
that states are unable to deal with the problems.
•
•
Globalization: Myth or Reality?
• 2. Against Globalization
•
• Last Phase of Capitalism:
• Present World Economic Patterns are not NEW. e.g. 1870-1914
• No Global Economy: Trade and investments are only concentrated in and between US, Europe and Japan
• There is nothing Transnational.
• Concentration of Capital and finance by developed countries only
• Overestimation: A western theory only applies to developed countries. How many people use internet? or even
made a phone call in their live?
• A Western Imperialism: The forces that are globalized are those found in the western world. What about non-
western world valves? Where do they fit in? Globalization is western world view at the expense of the worldviews
of the other cultures.
• Exploitation: Globalization allows efficient exploitation of less well off nations, all in the name of openness.
• Globalization made Terrorism easy:
• No provisions of accountability:
• Why to attach Western values with Globalization? Can't states progress without adopting western values? Asian
Economies like Singapore, Malaysia, Korea etc...
IDEALISM/ LIBERALISM
• Historical Background
• Why did discipline of IR started in 1919?
• Locating the reasons behind WW I and to prevent world community from such a
disaster in future.
•
• Emmanuel Kant & Jeremy Bentham had already given the concept of Liberal
Internationalism, key concept of this L.I was the idea of HARMONY.
• Kant’s idea of Perpetual Peace,

“Democratic states don’t fight with
each other because they are the true
representative of masses and masses
don’t want war.”
• Theories and Concepts before WWI to understand causation of War

• COST & BENEFIT System
• Self Defense (Pre-emptive strike is the product of this system)
Contextualizing W.W.I
• Can we apply Cost & Benefit System? NO, Britain & Germany had highly Inter-
dependent economies
• Can we apply Self Defense System? NO, It was a war no one wanted at first
place.
• Then Why did WWI occurred?

• To what an extent International System was responsible?
• How to reform International System to prevent such wars?
• OUT COME of these questions was the Idealistic Approach of IR /I D E A L I S M

• Before studying the theory it is pertinent to have an analysis of the situation. i.e.
Why WWI occurred?
• Autocratic Leadership has natural tendency to go for war
• Non democratic structures of states.
• Alliance System
Salient Features of Idealism
• Prof Hadley Bull ,
“ The most distinctive features of idealistic
theory was the belief that the international
system or the system of international relations
that had given rise to the first world war was
capable of being transformed into a fundamentally
more peaceful and JUST-WORLD-ORDER
that under the impact of the awakening of
democracy, the growth of international
economy, the good works of the men of
peace and that their responsibility as students
of IR was to assist this march of progress,
to over-come the ignorance and the prejudices
that stood in its way.”
•1) Domestic Analogy

there are two principle requirements for a
new world order.
• A) Progress is Possible: states, leaders, intellectuals, public opinion.
• B) Int’l Organization : facilitate peace, disarmament, arbitration, enforcement
2) Change in the domestic structures
Characteristics of a modern state.
• Democracy
• Capitalism
• Constitution/ Rule of Law
• Civil Liberties
3) Right of Self Determination
• Freedom movements lead to war.
• Strong advocates of Decolonization

3) Collective Security System

• Peace is not a NATURAL CONDITION, it is
always CONSTRUCTED
• Establishment of an international Institution.
• How to regulate ANARCHY?

4) Optimistic Nature of Human Beings
• Contextualizing John Locke
• Human Beings are Rational, applying rationality

on International system would result into Peace
and Stability
• Essential nature of IR is linked with Humans.

5) HARMONY OF INTEREST
• promoting INTER-DEPENDENCY THEORY, that it is

Economy which matters and wars effect trade.
• Harmony of Interest of masses is economy and

trade, people don’t like wars
6) OPEN DIPLOMACY
• Public Opinion is a constructive force.
• Secret Diplomacy should be condemned.
• Diplomatic ties should be checked by public.

7) INTERNATIONAL LAW
• regulate political life at the global level in the hopes of constructing a
more peaceful order.
• It advocates greater cooperation among nation-states in the pursuit of

peace through the creation of institutions.
• What is an Int’l Law? International law became the primary focus of

attempts to promote internationalism, with its insistence that states
remain the central agents and its attempts to limit their ability to launch
war.
• Internationalism as a political project arose from these legal attempts to

align an unwillingness to give up on the nation-state with a desire for
peace
Did IDEALISM work ?
• Your Assignment for this week.
Q: Account for the factor behind the failure of

Idealism, as an approach to study IR,? Do you
agree that it failed to achieve its intended
design for international community i.e. peace,
progress and stability.
REALISM
• “ The idealist theorists miss-read the
facts of history. They ignored or overlooked
the essential nature of International Relations.
There biggest blunder was their concept of
Harmony of Interest between people and
between states. The idealists ignored the fact
that some states are better off than others,
and these states want to keep and defend
their privilege positions but the HAVE NOT states
will always struggle to change that situation,
therefore International Relations is the
struggle between such conflicting interests/ desires
and that is why the discipline of IR should deal
the issues, more and more, in terms of conflict
rather than co-operation.”
E.H.Carr
Salient Features of Realism
1) Nature of Human Beings
• Contextualizing Thomas Hobbes
• Human Beings are SELFISH, applying selfishness

on International system would provide better
understanding of actions of states.
• Essential nature of IR is linked with Humans.

2) STATES as the key International Actor
• Understanding Anarchy
• Anarchy leads to SELF HELP SYSTEM: Survival

and Security
• Military Power: all national and international

organizations are inferior to state.
3) CONFLICT OF INTEREST
• National Interest is more important for a state than Collective interest
• National Interest of a state is sum total of security, material benefits, political

and strategic concessions.
• States are not dead institutions but like living beings, states compromise/
sacrifice only in her National Interest.
• For States there is always an underlying principle of CLASH of INTEREST not

HARMONY of INTEREST.
4) The concept of POWER
• National Interest is always defined in terms of POWER.
• What is Power? “Ability to mold ones opinion in your favor” or

“Power is man’s control over the mind and actions of other man”
Hans J. Morgenthau
• Understanding Relational Power?
“B”
• “A” “B”
• Why do states need Power or Relational
Power?
Both demands POWER

ANARCHY SELF HELP SYSTEM SERVIVAL & SECURITY to safeguard a state
from enemies
5) Raison d'état
• Also known as Reason of a state.
• It address the leaders/ statesmen to act in order to maintain health and

strength of a state.
• Should Raison d'état be moral? There is nothing moral or immoral for a

state. A state acts in an A-MORAL Approach
• Contextualizing Machiavelli’s The Prince,

“ A prince can not observe all those things for which men
are considered good, for in order to maintain his state
he is often obliged to act against his promise,
against charity and general meanings of humanity”
6) Morgenthau & Six principles of Political Realism
Politics is
governed by
Objective Laws
Interest is
Importance of
defined in terms
Diplomacy
of Power
Autonomy of Categorizations
the Political of National
Sphere Interest
Moral Principles
vs State Actions
Did R E A L I S M work?
• Your assignment for next week
Q: “Realism is neither realistic nor consistent”.

Write a comprehensive critique on the flaws
of classical Realist approach to IR.
Neo Realism &
Neo Liberalism
Introduction
• The debate b/w NR & NL has dominated mainstream IR

since the last quarter of 20th century
• Security studies vs Political Economy, Human Rights and

Environment
• Security Dilemma vs Mutual Interests
• Better explanation of behavior of States in comparison with

classical approach?
Neo Realism
• Kenneth Waltz “Theory of International
Politics”
• NR can be defined through three schools of

thought namely Structural Realism, Modern
Realism and Security Studies.
Structural Realism: Kenneth Waltz
• It can best be understood by drawing a
comparison with Classical Realism
• Units vs Structure
• Conception of Power
• Conception of Anarchy
Modern Realism: Joseph Grieco
• What is Absolute gain? (Power and Influence)
• What is Relative gain? (Arrangements through

Cooperation or Conflict)
• Which one is more important Absolute gain or

Relative gain?
Security Studies
• Defensive Realism: Our assumptions of
relations with other states depends on
whether they are friends or enemies.
• Offensive Realism: Relative power is more

important not Absolute power.
• Offensives critique on Defensives: IR is a

prisoner’s dilemma game.
Neo Liberalism
• Robert Keohane & Joseph S. Nye, “ Power and Inter
dependence: World Politics in Transition”
• It focuses on Political Economy, Human Rights, greater

economic partnerships, Environmental issues
• Four major variants in neo-liberal school of thought

also known as Pluralism
• Commercial Liberalism, Republican Liberalism,

Sociological Liberalism and Liberal Institutionalism
Neo Liberalism
• Commercial Liberalism: advocates free trade, capitalist economy for
peace and prosperity. This view can easily be found in global
financial institutions, major trading states and MNCs
• Republican Liberalism: Democratic states are more inclined to

respect the rights of their citizens and are less likely to go to war
with their democratic neighbors. In contemporary context this view
is presented as DEMOCRATIC PEACE THEORY
• Sociological Liberalism: Process of interdependence is more

important. Transnational activities and increasing link among
people compel governments to become more interdependent. It
becomes difficult for a state to act unilaterally and to avoid
cooperation.
Neo Liberalism
• Liberal Institutionalism :
a) most convincing challenge to realists and neo
realists. Peace and Prosperity is to have
Institutions. For collective good, state should
sacrifice some part of her sovereignty.
b) Core assumptions of Neo Liberals

1. States are key actors but not only actors
2. Absolute gain not relative gain
3. Greatest Obstacle to successful cooperation is non- compliance
or cheating by states.
The Neo-Neo debate: A comparison
1. International System is Anarchic
Both agree that International system is anarchic.
Neo Realists Neo Liberals

a) Neo-Liberals minimized a) Neo Realists minimized the
the importance of SURVIVAL importance of International
Interdependence,
globalization etc
2) Questions of Cooperation?
Neo Realists
a) International cooperation will not Neo Liberals
happen unless states make it
a) Cooperation is easy to achieve
happen.
b) Importance of International
b) It is hard to achieve, difficult to
Instittutions
maintain and only dependent on
state’s power (capabilities)
3) Debate over Relative gain and Absolute gain
Neo Liberals
Neo Realists
a) Neo Liberals want to maximize the
a) Neo Liberals overlooked the
total amount of gains for all parties
importance of Relative gains.
involved.
b) Fundamental goal of states in
b) Absolute gain is COLLECTIVE GOOD
cooperative relations is to prevent
not National Interest of a particular
others from gaining more.
state.
4) Capabilities vs. Intentions
Neo Realists
a) Emphasize on capabilities over
intentions
Neo Liberals
b) Capabilities are essential for
security and Independence a) Emphasize on Intentions and
preferences
c) Uncertainty over Intentions of
other states
5) Importance of Institutions
Neo Realists
Neo Liberals
a) Institutions can not
address the problems a) Institutions can facilitate
linked with Anarchy cooperation
b) States are not b) States should respect
subservient to Institutions Institutions for a greater
common good.
6) Difference of Domains
Neo Realists Neo Liberals

a) Relative Power, a) Economic Welfare,
Security, Survival Collective Good.
Class Work: Application of Theories
Remembering 1871-1914
a. Which Theory can be applied on German policies 1871-1895?
b. Which theory can be applied on German naval program?
c. Examples of Clash of Interest?
d. Any example of Harmony of Interest during this phase?
e. Examples of Offensive Realism?
f. Examples of Defensive Realism?
g. Can we apply Waltz Structural Realism in order to understand this phase of history?
h. Italian followed which approach during this phase? i.e. Relative gains or Absolute gains?
Class Work: Application of Theories
• Remembering Inter War period 1919-1939
a. Which theory can be applied on Bolshevik revolution and its early

days?
b. Which one theory can justify Russian foreign policy 1919-1939?
c. Stalin's surprising decision of August 1939 can be justified through

which theory?
d. Hitler's surprise attack on Russia in 1941. which theory can justify it?
Marxist Theories of World Politics
• Elements of Marxist Approach
1. Idea of Totality : World should be analyzed in Totality.
2. Materialistic Conception of History: Economic

Development is linked with change in Economic Base.
3. Class Struggle: All history is the history of class

struggle
strands in Marxism in IR
• World Systems Theory
• Gramscianism
• Critical Theory
World Systems Theory
• Lenin’s World System Theory
1. Accepting Marx Base-Superstructure Theory
2. Conception of Capitalism changed since

Marx’s time
3. Core Periphery Relation

• Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
1. Types of World Systems

a. World Empires: Resources divided by authority
b. Modern World System: Market
2. Modern World System: two dimensions

a. Spatial
b. Temporal
• Spatial Dimension
Core- Semi Periphery- Periphery Relations
Temporal Dimension
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

Gramscianism
• Antonio Gramsci 1893-1937: The most creative Marxist of the 20th century: “Prison
Notes”
• Salient Features
• Flaw in Classical Marxist Analysis: “Transition to socialism will occur in most
advanced capitalist societies.” Why revolution is difficult in Western Europe?
• Concept of Hegemony: Understanding ‘Coercion’ and ‘Consent’
• Idea of Historic Bloc: reinterpretation of Base Superstructure model
• Possibility of a Counter Hegemony struggle?
• Globalization of Gramscianism: Robert Cox ( Critique on World Order: Contest

generated even among those who are less advantageous)
Critical Theory
• An extension of Granscianism: Major exponents are Jurgan Habermas & Andrew Linklater
• Salient Feature
• Not interested in the further development of analysis of the economic base of a society. They are
more concerned with Superstructures
• Idea of One Dimensional Society: Working class is no more a threat to capitalist system since former
is absorbed in the later.
• Idea of Security Studies: Individuals not states at center of analysis. State is not natural object of
study. State is part of security problem not provider of security.
• Idea of Emancipation?
a) Jurgan Habermas: Idea of Radical Democracy through Public Sphere
b) Andrew Linklater: States should loose their significance, citizen towards non-citizens should
share same obligations and duties.
Feminism in IR
What is Feminism?
• Feminism may broadly be defined as a movement seeking
the reorganization of the world upon the basis of sex
equality, rejecting all forms of differentiation among or
discrimination against individuals upon grounds of sex.
• It urges a worldview that rejects male-created ideologies.
• At another level, it is also a mode of analysis and politics,
committed to freeing all women of gender-based
oppressions. Literally, then, anyone who supports such an
ideology can be a feminist, regardless of gender.
Feminism in IR
Introduction
• IR has been treated as a masculine discipline

• Women has always remained HIDDEN in IR
• Men are always greater than women in
International politics.
• Where do we find women in IR?
• Victims of decisions taken by men in IR: War time
plight and conditions of women during the times
of peace?
Feminism in IR
Re-evaluation of IR from feminist perspective
• Major Exponents
• Jean Bethke Elshtain “Women ad War” 1987
• Cynthia Enloe “Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making feminist sense of
International Politics” 1989
• J. Ann Tickner “Gender in IR: A Feminist perspective” 1992
• Spike Peterson “Global Gender Security” 1992
• Christine Sylvester “Feminist Theory and IR in a post modern era”
• Women Conferences: Mexico 75, Copenhagen 80, Nairobi 85, Vienna 93, Beijing
95.
• Real boost through three conferences which launched a feminist thought into IR
study
A) Millennium: Journal of International Studies Conference LSE 88
B) Conference at University of California 89
C) Conference at Wellesley 90
Feminism in IR
• Feminism in IR: A theoretical study
• Factors behind lack of Insight of IR scholars regarding Woman’s

issue? J. Ann Tickner highlighting three misunderstandings
a. Meaning of Gender
b. Different Ontologies
c. Epistemological divides
• Hans J Morgenthau’s Principles of Political Realism: A Feminist

Reformation 88
– 1. Objectivity is culturally defined
– 2. National Interest is multi dimensional
– 3. Power privileges masculinity
– 4. Political actions have moral significance
– 5. Critique on autonomy of Political sphere
– 6. Search of common moral elem
Feminism in IR
Contemporary situation: An academic view
 Economic reforms undertaken by many nations in recent times have had complex implications for
women and have shaped feminist agendas.
 With growing capitalism in China, for instance, many benefits and protections for women have
been dismantled. In Russia, privatized enterprises rarely provide women the protection and
maternity benefits that a strong, less democratic state did. In developing countries in Latin America
and Asia, globalization and World Bank policies have rendered many women and unskilled laborers
jobless.
 Feminists have critiqued globalization and U.S. policy, arguing that feminism of the West must resist
the cultural and economic domination of their home country over the lives of Afghans, Iraqis,
Palestinians, and Israelis.
 Many feminists in the United States have been engaged in the effort to pluralize feminism. Zilla
Einstein (2004) argues for a “polyversal feminism— multiple and connected” to express women’s
shared humanity.
 Chandra Mohanty (2003), reiterating the need to “decolonize feminism,” conceptualizes

transnational solidarities among women that recognize and accept difference.
 Transnational “feminist communities anchored in justice and equality” aim for a feminism “without
borders.”
Feminism in IR
• Major Successes
• Rape as war crime: Int’l tribunals of Rwanda &
Yugoslavia
• Sexual discrimination & Maltreatment: A ground
for political assylum in Spain and Canada
• Criticism
• Keohane’s view
• Fukuyama’s satire
Constructivism
Introductory Remarks
• An oppositional movement
• A degree of independence from mainstream IR theory
• Major exponents: Friedrich Kratochwil. Nicholas Onuf and Alexander Wendt
Key Features
1. Brute fact vs Social fact: Mistaking a social fact for a brute fact is a cardinal error.
2. Anarchy is what states make of it: We live in a world of our own making
3. How to develop this approach?
a. Change in WORKING METHODS
b. Agent Structure Question?
c. Wittgensteinian Analysis of Rules of the Game
Problems
1. No Working methods of it own
2. Importance of a Social fact
3. Anarchy makes sense of system
International Political Economy
• Understanding IPE ?
• A) Jeffry Frieden / David Lake’s view in their book “IPE:
Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth”
“IPE is the study of the interplay of economics and

politics in the world arena… IPE has variety of
meanings. For some, it refers primarily to the study of
the political basis of economic actions. For others, it
refers to economic bases of the political actions. The
two forces are complementary, for politics & markets
are in a constant state of mutual interaction.”
• B) R. J. Barry Jones view in “Routledge
Encyclopedia of IPE Volume 1”
“IPE has blossomed as an academic sub-discipline

during the last three decades. The economic
dimension of the international affairs has suffered
acute neglect, and often denial, under the
practical & intellectual pressures of the cold war.
As the cold war began to wane, interests in IPE
revived and gradually restored to a legitimate
place within the study of IR”
• Focus of IPE
• Global North: Integration
• Global South: Poverty/ Economy as a source of war
• Conceptual Framework
• Concept of Power
• International bargaining
• IPE & Theories of Realism
• Theoretical similarities
» Influence?
» States tend to act in their interest
• Practical Differences
» Military Option?
» Concept of Interest?
Both share the claim of International
Anarchy
• Theories in IPE
• Economic Liberalism
• Free trade
• It matter little if a state gains less or more
• Role of Institutions
• Environment of Mutual Benefit
• IOs: provide opportunity to relax STG to realize
LTG.
• Mercantilism
• Realist presumptions: competition in global market
• Protectionist policies
• Relative gains
• Not relying on IOs
Comparison of Mercantilism & Economic Liberalism
• Dominant vs. Secondary Tradition
• Shared Interests vs. Conflicting Interests
• Goal of Economic policies of a state
• Maximum creation of TOTAL WEALTH through achieving
Economic Efficiency (E2)
• Favorable of Distribution of Wealth: What is the responsibility
of a state?
• Politics: Economics Debate
• E.L: Politics should serve the interests of E2
• Mer: Economics should serve politics: Creation of Wealth defines
state power.
• An example to understand this comparison: US vs Japan, Germany
and China (Explanation)
• Views on FREE TRADE

• E.L: both parties gain
• Mer: Protectionist policies
Protectionism
Free Trade
1950 1975 2000 2025

FREE TRADE & E2
FOREIGN POLICY
• What is foreign Policy?
Dictionary of Politics: policy followed by a country when dealing with other countries
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences: Foreign policy, conceptualized most broadly and simply, is the totality
of a state’s external behavior toward other states and non state actors
• Foreign Policy Objectives

• Core/ Short Range Objective: Short range f.p is also known as Core value which in simple words are
those goals for which ppl or nations or states give ultimate sacrifice. These are accepted by the
people without any criticism. These objectives are further categorized in following points
• Self-preservation of a political Unit: this is the most imp objective of f.p. infact all other objectives
can’t be achieved unless and until the political unit i.e. state is not in existence. The preservation of
a political unit is vital.
• Defending Neighboring Important Strategic Territories NIST: In the new era of increasing of the
national power, states give importance to the key strategic areas either having no resources, man
power or keeping in view the self-preservation e.g. France to Rhineland versus France to Nice. USSR
to Eastern satellite states
• Nationalism: Ethnic, religious and linguistic factors are the most vital factors playing important roles
in the integrity of a state.
• Middle Range Objectives: Middle range objectives can be divided into three
types:
• attempts of Govts to meet public and private demands and needs through
International actors. It is pertinent to highlight that Social welfare and economic
development cant be achieved through Self-Help, as most states have only limited
resources, administrative services and technical skills- states have to interact with
others to satisfy their needs.
• increase the prestige of the state in int'l system. Previously prestige was
determined in terms of arms and power but in the modern era it is also measured
in terms of trade and economic developments.
•
• 3rd type of middle range objective includes different forms of Self-extension or
Imperialism. For instance a f.p of a state includes principles that can easily
influence others so that to have an upper hand over other states. e.g. US policies
of Marshal Plan, Truman Doctrine. e.g. China capturing trade markets.
• Long Range Objectives: Long range objectives are the one that have to be adopted
or achieved by the state but the time period isnt known for the accomplishment of
these goals. Lenin quotes, " Our task is international and victory in USSR is our
half-victory it will not be full until communism will be spread throughout the
world.“
• Determinants of Foreign Policy

• Internal factors
• National character: determined by analyzing attributes of a society.
• Political Leadership: vital role in 3rd world countries than developed countries
• Political Stability: democratic states f.p will be different from totalitarian regimes.
• national capacity of a state which also includes technological advancements and
economic developments. Rise and Decline in National capacity has a profound
impact on formulation of F.P.
• Ideology: examples... used to disguise policies in struggle for power...
• Geography: most stable factor includes size of territory, location relative to sea,
and control of strategic places...
•
• External factors
• Power Structure: Contextualizing 20th century int'l politics Inter war, cold war ...
• Global Organization: taking into considerations of Int'l law, treaties etc. States can
achieve their long term interests by formulating f.p. against int'l law etc
• Alliances: have to respond to the calls of allies while formulating f.p. must not
formulate f.p. which is offensive to allies...
Tools/ Instruments of Foreign Policy
• Economics as an Instrument of FP
• The economic interdependence of states is one of the basic
conditions of Int'l life.
• No country is now economically independent in the long run. it needs
trade with the rest of the world in order to survive.
• Some countries would face disaster if cut off from outside food supplies
for their people or from raw materials for their industry.
• Some would be ruined if they could not export manufactured goods or
raw materials.
• In general the structure of economic relations in contemporary
world is such that vulnerabilities are distributed more heavily among the
developing countries then the industrialized nations. The manipulation of
economic transactions can be organized for all sorts of political purposes
as in all int'l relationships. Govts seek to change behavior of states by
manipulating Int'l economic transactions.
• Foreign Aid
• The means to utilize the economic instrument of FP is foreign
Aid.
• Types of Foreign Aid
• Technical Assistance: Least costly of all types of aid programs. It is
designed to disseminate knowledge and skills. Personals with
special qualifications from industrialized countries go abroad to
advice programs such as Point Four, Peace Corps, MDGs etc
• Development Loans: Largest component of development programs
of world bank and IMF. Technically this is not Aid at all, since the
repayment is expected. Such loans are essentially a commercial
transaction and particularly donors insist that good and services
made available through loans be purchased from them, thus
serving economic interests of the donors.
• Emerging Humanitarian Assistance: Most govts have special funds
available for emergency humanitarian relief programs. these are
designed to provide assistance in the events of natural calamities,
Int'l Red Cross etc are examples.
• Military Aid: it is the oldest type for the support of alliances. e.g.
American support to Europeans after WW II. many more
• Techniques of Economic Rewards, Punishments, Sanctions
• Some times any country support or oppose another country through economic rewards or
coercions. For this purpose following are the most frequently used techniques...
• Tariffs: Commodities coming into a country are taxed for the purpose of raising revenues and
protecting domestic producers from foreign competition.
• Quotas: when a govt wishes to impose more direct control over imports it may use quota system. The
purpose may be to protect domestic producers or to make sure that imports dont exceed exports.
• Boycotts: another important mean of economic reward or coercion, through which import of either a
specific commodity or the total range of imports to a country are banned.
• Embargos: If a country turns against another country it sometimes prohibits its own businesses from
concluding any transactions with commercial organizations of that particular country. Embargo may be
enforced either on a specific quota of goods or on the total range of goods.
• Blacklists: Most of the countries use this technique of blacklists. such as the Arab countries have been
using this against foreign firms doing trade with Israel. e,g. Los Angeles Times 1985 "Arab nations
ended a ban on nine foreign companies Thursday, including the American firms Ford Motor Co. and
Colgate-Palmolive Co. They added 28 new companies, including five from the United States, to a
blacklist of those firms that do business with Israel."
• Licenses: It is easy way of controlling exchange of particular types of goods, in which the risk of general
boycotts and embargos are not involved.
• Freezing Assets: Sometimes states/people have their assets abroad in form of investment bank
accounts or real estates, which the concerning states often freeze. e.g. UK US froze assets of Iraq in
1991.
• Granting or Suspending Aid: form of punishment or favour by stopping every sort of aid or
unconditional granting of aid. A famous technique of contemporary world system. e,g. Pak aid cut off
by senate through Presler Bill.... Kerry Luger Bill
• Diplomacy
• The Oxford dictionary calls the diplomacy, " The
management of international relations by negotiations or
the method by which these relations are adjusted and
managed". {write couple of definitions on diplomacy}
• Origins of Diplomacy:
• It was from 15th century that a concept of permanent
Diplomat launched in Europe. prior to that Emissaries use
to perform such duties.
• By 18th century Diplomacy was recognized as a honorable
profession.
• In the 19th century the concept of Diplomacy was
established in the form of delegations send to the
international conferences.
• In the most recent context UNO further institutionalized
diplomacy and latest developments of significance in
diplomatic procedures has been the rapid increase in direct
communication between head of the states. A head of state
must have equipped himself with tools and techniques of
diplomacy.
• The functions of Diplomats
• Apart from the main role of diplomats in bargaining and
communicating information between govts, they perform several
other duties.
• Protection of Nationals: it involves protecting the lives and
promoting the interests of nationals residing or travelling abroad.
They must be protected and must be represented by legal counsel if
jailed. It is the general practice among major powers to assign
counselor agents rather than embassy personnel to perform these
duties.
• Symbolic Representation: not only court or govt ceremonies but
keeping contact with foreign trade groups.
• Obtaining Information: most important task of diplomats
• Providing Advice and making overall Policies:
• Kinds of Diplomacy
• Democratic Diplomacy: no aloofness from
people.. representatives of people
• Open Diplomacy : making things public....
• Secret Diplomacy
• Totalitarian Diplomacy
• Personal Diplomacy: a) Summit Diplomacy b)
Near Summit Diplomacy...
• Tracks of diplomacy
• Traditionally, the term "diplomacy" referred to interaction between nation-states. More
recently, however, scholars have delineated several levels of diplomacy. Tracks 1 and 2 are
the most frequently used terms. A composite term is multitrack diplomacy.
• Track 1 diplomacy: Official discussions typically involving high-level political and military
leaders and focusing on cease-fires, peace talks, and treaties and other agreements.
• Track 2 diplomacy: Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities aimed at building
relationships and encouraging new thinking that can inform the official process. Track 2
activities typically involve influential academic, religious, and NGO leaders and other civil
society actors who can interact more freely than high-ranking officials. Some analysts use the
term track 1.5 to denote a situation in which official and non-official actors work together to
resolve conflicts.
• Track 3 diplomacy: People-to-people diplomacy undertaken by individuals and private groups
to encourage interaction and understanding between hostile communities and involving
awareness raising and empowerment within these communities. Normally focused at the
grassroots level, this type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences,
generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for marginalized people and
communities.
• Multi track diplomacy: A term for operating on several tracks simultaneously, including
official and unofficial conflict resolution efforts, citizen and scientific exchanges, international
business negotiations, international cultural and athletic activities, and other cooperative
efforts. These efforts could be led by governments, professional organizations, businesses,
churches, media, private citizens, training and educational institutes, activists, and funders.
END OF HISTORY
• Introduction
• Francis Fukuyama, “End of History and the last
man”
• Observing the post cold war changes
• What is the core theme?
• Does he really mean END OF HISTORY? (events vs
ideas), end of ideological evolution of man kind
• How he perceived victory of LIBERAL
DEMOCRACY?
Theoretical Framework
• Contextualizing Karl Marx’s idea
• Contextualizing Hegel: Idea of a RATIONAL
STATE, a highest point in history
• Idea of Universal Homogeneous States by
Alexander Kojeve
• Does his idea support Profit Maximization OR

Value Maximization?
Studying CHANGE in Communist
Regimes
• China:
a. Growing tilt towards Capitalism, 20% products marketilized
b. Chinese students studying in West, 20 k, its impact?
c. Future of China?
• Russia:
a. Choice of the CARS?
b. What is Russian elite thinking?
Threats to Liberalism
• Two major threats, even after defeating all
ism-s of 20th century
• Religion: rise of religious fundamentalism.
Idea of a theocratic state.
• Nationalism: a destructive force, havocs of

20th century. Future of Integrations?
Implications of END OF HISTORY
• Implications are in world politics
a) China and Russia: will they convert completely?
b) Future of third world countries?
c) Will the illiberal Europe transform?
d) End of History doesn’t mean End of Conflicts.
e) Most recent implication: FUTURE OF HISTORY 2012
CLASH OF CIVILIZATION
• Introduction
• Samuel P Huntington, “Clash of Civilization and the
remaking to world order”
• Elaborating the post cold war changes
• Culture and Civilization.
• What is the core theme?
• Does he really mean Clash of Civilizations? (Primary
actors vs People), 20th century is the history of clash of
People and Ideologies. end of ideological evolution of
man kind. Sphere of world politics expanded after cold
war. (Western plus non-western states)
Why civilizations will clash?
Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin America and
African.
1. Difference among Cultures are BASIC. A product of centuries, will not disappear.
Difference don’t mean conflict and conflict don’t mean violence but most
violent conflict is CULTURAL DIFFERENCES.
2. Rigidity of the cultural differences
3. World is becoming a smaller place. More interaction means more chances of
clash
4. Weakening of Identities
5. West has a threat from non-West
6. Economic Regionalism: problems in future
What type of CLASHES may emerge?

a) MICRO level (fight for territory)
b) MARCO level (domination and promotion of ones culture and values)
Fault lines between Civilizations?
• These are the beliefs and ideas of one
Civilization that are in contrast with another
Civilization and can become a reason of
conflict or violence.
• Fault lines of Orthodox Christianity and Islam

are major threats to others
What are these Fault lines?
1. Kin Country Syndrome: example: “Its not World

against Iraq but the West against Islam”
2. Confucian Islamic connection
3. West versus Rest:

a. The World Community
b. Band Wagoning
c. Torn States
• Implications for the WEST
i. Not to impose its values on others

ii. West to focus on its own civilization
iii. West should accept: NO UNIVERSALISM
iv. Environment of CO-EXISTANCE, all should accept.
• Nuclear Proliferation
• “Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of nuclear
weapons and fissile material to nations which are not recognized as "Nuclear
Weapon States" by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty or NPT.”
• Nuclear Proliferation is Good or Bad? “ Spread of nuclear technology will add to
Stability of the world”
• Theoretical Basis
• Response Time
• Mutual Assured Destruction
• Historical Analysis
• Two Nuclear States Never went to war
• Cold War “Long Peace Period”
• Concept of Limited War
• BAD?
• Threat for Nuclear Wars
• Dictatorship & Nuclear States
• Why States Go Nuclear?
• To become Super Power (US 1945& USSR 1949)
• Balance of Power (Pakistan 1998 – India 1974)
• To become regional Power (China 1964)
• Against rival states (Britain 1952 – France 1960 and North Korea 2006)
• Theorizing Nuclear Proliferation
• Action Reaction Model
• Theory of Security Assumption
• Prestige and Power Variables
• Efforts towards Non Proliferation
• Stimulated by bombing of Hiroshima (WWII)
• Baruch Plan 1946
• establishment of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957. Headquarters in Vienna,
Austria
• The IAEA is generally described as having three main roles: Peaceful uses: Promoting the peaceful
uses of nuclear energy by its member states, Safeguards: Implementing safeguards to verify that
nuclear energy is not used for military purposes, and Nuclear safety: Promoting high standards for
nuclear safety.
• Efforts to conclude International agreement on non proliferation did not begin till 1960
• Efforts renewed 1964 (China)
• In June 1968, the U.N. General Assembly endorsed the NPT with General Assembly Resolution 2373
(XXII)
• In July 1968, the NPT opened for signature in Washington, DC, London and Moscow. The NPT
entered into force in March 1970.
• Non Proliferation Treaty: 190 signatories, Three Non signatories (Pak. India, Israel), 1 withdrawn
2003 (North Korea).
• Three-pillar system
• Non-proliferation: Disarmament and The right to peacefully use nuclear technology
• US USSR efforts: SALT I, SALT II, START I and START II
• CTBT 1996: 183 signatories 19 not ratified.
• Two pillar system
• not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion
• to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear
weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.
• Pakistan's Nuclear Program and International Concerns
• Factors behind Nuclear Pakistan
• hegemonic designs
• survivability & threat perceptions
• balance of power
• Nuclear Doctrine of Pakistan
• Defensive
• Limitations on Usage
• International Concerns
• Increase in Nuclear stockpiles
• Assistance to other Nations
• Nuclear Security
• On some recent aspects
• -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMIT
• The Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) is a world summit, aimed at preventing
nuclear terrorism around the globe. The first summit was held in Washington, D.C.
on April 12–13, 2010. The second summit was in Seoul, Korea in 2012. The third
summit was held in The Hague, the Netherlands on March 24–25, 2014.
• The 2014 summit in March 2014 in The Hague, the Netherlands, charted the
accomplishments of the past two years, identifying which of the objectives set out
in the Washington Work Plan and the Seoul Communiqué have not been met and
proposing ways to achieve them.
• The intention of host country, the Netherlands, was to focus on the following
achievable and visible goals:
• Optimal security for and, if at all possible, a reduction in the use of highly enriched
uranium and plutonium.
• Ratification of the amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear
Material by more countries to ensure that the amendment enters into force as
soon as possible.
• More frequent reviews of state security structures by IAEA advisory missions.
• National registration and protection of highly radioactive sources (e.g. medical
equipment).
• Greater role for industry in nuclear security, to enhance the security culture and
existing regulations.
• States should provide information to their own people and the international
community to demonstrate that they are taking appropriate measures to maintain
the security of their nuclear material and facilities. These confidence-building
measures will increase trust in the international protection system.
N AT I O N A L I N T E R E S T
• Meaning and Definition
– General and continuing ends for which a state/nation acts
– It can easily serve to justify actions, hide mistakes, rationalize the
policies.
– Morgenthou “Not only political necessity but also a moral duty of
a nation”?????????????????
• Approaches to study N.I
a. Elitist vs. Democratic Model ( Plato vs. Aristotle)
b. Objective vs. Subjective Model
c. Inductive vs. Deductive Model (Theoretical vs Practical)
• Criteria for setting N.I.
– Operational (time, location, experience, attitude)
– Ideological
– Pragmatic
– Partisan
– Moral-Legal
– Pragmatic
– Morgenthau's criteria (Power, Survival, Amoral) ??????????????
• Kinds of N.I
• Primary
• Secondary
• Permanent
• Variable
• General-Specific
• International: Common, Complementary & Conflicting
• Tools to achieve N.I
• Coercive Techniques (Internal and External)
• Alliances
• Diplomacy
• Economic Aid
• Collective Security
• Conception of National Interest & Liberalism
• Conception of National Interest & Realism
• CAN NATIONAL INTEREST BE COMPROMISED?

• Rethinking Morgenthau
P O W E R , N AT I O N A L P O W E R ,
BALANCE OF POWER
• Power
• Meaning and Definition
• Ingredients of Power
• Domains of Power
• Ranges of Power
• National Power
• What is a National Power?
• How to measure N.P? Ray S. Cline
Pp= (C+E+M) * (S+W)
• Tangible vs. Intangible Elements of National Power
• Tangible:
» Geography
» Natural Resources
» Population
» Technology
• Intangible:
» Ideologies
» Morale & National Character
» Leadership
» Military Power??????????????????
» Diplomacy
» Foreign Dependencies

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•

• Europe in 1871- Dominance of Germany: Berlin became Diplomatic capital

• The Triple Alliance 1882: Germany, Austro-

• Early developments: Violent socialist revolution. Nobility,

• Sino-Soviet hostility was used as a diplomatic card

• Detente in Trouble and its death

• d. Influence in Americas: Western Hemisphere

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• There is no universally agreed-on definition of

• terrorism is the use of violence to create fear

• Assurnasirpal, the conqueror and king of Assyria (884–860 BCE)

• French Revolution: Reign of Terror

• Terrorism in 20th century and beyond

• Another major feature of new terrorism is the increasing

• concept of new terrorism identify the strict compliance with religion,

• Gurr and Cole (2000) examined the sixty-four international terrorist

• The Third Wave was the contemporary wave; it introduced international

• The factors that motivate people to join and remain in

• Below is a list of causes, based on an extensive

• As one Hamas fighter said, “Before I start shooting, I start to concentrate on

• case of nationalist-separatist movements (e.g., ETA, Hamas), terrorists often invoke

• In the late 1800s, Andrei Zhelyabov, a leader of People’s Will (a terrorist

• Chechen terrorists have defended their terrorist attacks by alluding to Russia’s

• According to Imre, Mooney, and Clarke (2008), Palestinians were not

• the annexation of Palestinian territory by Jews in the 1940s and the

• In Peru, the popularity of the Shining Path (Sendero

• According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, the

• In 1987, the Iran-Contra scandal concluded with an arms-

• After Palestinian bombers commit suicide, their families

• Gottschalk (2004) found that both Palestinian and

• Similarly, the FBI-watched Aryan Brotherhood (a group

• Some manifestations/ contributors: World Wide Web, worldwide

• International Society versus International system:

• Liberal/ Democratic Peace Theory:

• Globalization made Terrorism easy:

• Kant’s idea of Perpetual Peace,

• Theories and Concepts before WWI to understand causation of War

• Then Why did WWI occurred?

• OUT COME of these questions was the Idealistic Approach of IR /I D E A L I S M

• Autocratic Leadership has natural tendency to go for war

• Non democratic structures of states.

•1) Domestic Analogy

3) Right of Self Determination

• Freedom movements lead to war.

• Strong advocates of Decolonization

3) Collective Security System

• Establishment of an international Institution.

• How to regulate ANARCHY?

• Contextualizing John Locke

• Human Beings are Rational, applying rationality

• Essential nature of IR is linked with Humans.

• promoting INTER-DEPENDENCY THEORY, that it is

• Harmony of Interest of masses is economy and

• Secret Diplomacy should be condemned.

• Diplomatic ties should be checked by public.

• It advocates greater cooperation among nation-states in the pursuit of

• What is an Int’l Law? International law became the primary focus of

• Internationalism as a political project arose from these legal attempts to

• Your Assignment for this week.

Q: Account for the factor behind the failure of

• Human Beings are SELFISH, applying selfishness

• Essential nature of IR is linked with Humans.

• Anarchy leads to SELF HELP SYSTEM: Survival