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Graphing Trigonometric Functions

The sine function


Imagine a particle on the unit circle, starting at (1,0) and rotating
counterclockwise around the origin. Every position of the particle
corresponds with an angle, θ, where y = sin θ. As the particle moves
through the four quadrants, we get four pieces of the sin graph:

sin θ
y

90°
135° 45°
II I I II
x
180° 0°
0 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
II I IV
III IV
225° 315°
θ sin θ
270°
0 0
π/2 1
π 0
3π/2 −1
2π 0
Sine is 2π Periodic

sin θ

−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π θ

One period

sin θ: Domain: all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
Range: −1 to 1, inclusive [−1, 1]

sin θ is an odd function; it is symmetric about the origin.


sin(−θ) = −sin(θ)
The cosine function
Imagine a particle on the unit circle, starting at (1,0) and rotating
counterclockwise around the origin. Every position of the particle
corresponds with an angle, θ, where x = cos θ. As the particle moves
through the four quadrants, we get four pieces of the cos graph:

90° cos θ

135° 45°
II I
θ cos θ
I IV
180° 0°
x θ 0 1
0 90° 180° 270° 360°
π/2 0
II I IV
II III
π −1
225° 315°
270° 3π/2 0
2π 1
Cosine is a 2π Periodic

cos θ

θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π

One period

cos θ: Domain: all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
Range: −1 to 1, inclusive [−1, 1]
cos θ is an even function; it is symmetric about the y-axis.
cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
The Tangent Function
sin
tan  
cos 
When cos θ = 0, tan θ is undefined.
This occurs every odd multiple of π/2: { … −π/2, π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2, … }

Table from θ = −π/2 to θ = π/2 .


Tanθ is π periodic.

θ sin θ cos θ tan θ θ tan θ

−π/2 −1 0 −∞ −π/2 −∞

2 2
−π/4  −1 −π/4 −1
2 2

0 0 1 0 0 0

2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2

π/2 1 0 ∞ π/2 ∞
Graph of Tangent Function: Periodic
tan θ Vertical asymptotes
where cos θ = 0
sin
tan  
cos 
θ tan θ

−π/2 −∞

−π/4 −1
−3π/2 −π/2 0 π/2 3π/2 θ
0 0

π/4 1

π/2 ∞

One period: π
tan θ: Domain: θ ≠ π/2 + πn; i.e., odd multiple of π/2 .
Range: all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
tan θ is an odd function; it is symmetric about the origin.
tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
The Cotangent Function
cos 
cot  
sin
When sin θ = 0, cot θ is undefined.

This occurs every π intervals, starting at 0: { … −π, 0, π, 2π, … }

Table from θ = 0 to θ = π.
cotθ is π periodic.

θ sin θ cos θ cot θ θ cot θ

0 0 1 ∞ 0 ∞
2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2

π/2 1 0 0 π/2 0

2 2
3π/4  −1 3π/4 −1
2 2

π 0 –1 −∞ π −∞
Graph of Cotangent Function: Periodic
Vertical asymptotes
cot θ where sin θ = 0
cos 
cot  
sin

θ tan θ

0 ∞

π/4 1

−3π/2 -π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2


π/2 0

3π/4 −1

π −∞

cot θ: Domain: θ ≠ πn
Range: all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
cot θ is an odd function; it is symmetric about the origin.
tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
Cosecant is the reciprocal of sine
Vertical asymptotes
where sin θ = 0
csc θ

0 θ
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
sin θ

One period: 2π

sin θ: Domain: (−∞, ∞) csc θ: Domain: θ ≠ πn sin θ and csc θ


Range: [−1, 1] (where sin θ = 0) are odd
Range: |csc θ| ≥ 1 (symmetric about the origin)
or (−∞, −1] U [1, ∞]
Secant is the reciprocal of cosine
Vertical asymptotes
where cos θ = 0
sec θ

θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π
cos θ

One period: 2π

cos θ: Domain: (−∞, ∞) sec θ: Domain: θ ≠ π/2 + πn cos θ and sec θ


Range: [−1, 1] (where cos θ = 0) are even
Range: |sec θ | ≥ 1 (symmetric about the y-axis)
or (−∞, −1] U [1, ∞]
Summary of Graph Characteristics
Definition
Function Period Domain Range Even/Odd
∆ о
opp y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 or
sin θ hyp r 2π (−∞, ∞) odd
[−1, 1]
1 r |csc θ| ≥ 1 or
csc θ .sinθ .y 2π θ ≠ πn odd
(−∞, −1] U [1, ∞)
adj x All Reals or
cos θ hyp r 2π (−∞, ∞) even
(−∞, ∞)
1 . r |sec θ| ≥ 1 or
sec θ sinθ y 2π θ ≠ π2 +πn even
(−∞, −1] U [1, ∞)
sinθ y All Reals or
tan θ cosθ x π θ ≠ π2 +πn odd
(−∞, ∞)
cosθ x All Reals or
cot θ .sinθ y π θ ≠ πn odd
(−∞, ∞)

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