BASIC CALCULUS

SECTIO 1.2 LIMIT THEOREMS

THEOREMS 1.2.1
 (i) lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

Example:
1. lim 𝑥
𝑥→1

=1
2. lim2 𝑥
𝑥→−
3
2
=−
3

 (ii) lim 𝑐 = 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑥→𝑎

Example
1. lim (−2)
𝑥→3

= -2
2. lim5 7
𝑥→4

=7
 a lim 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔 lim 𝒙
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

-2 2016 -2
-1/2 2016 -1/2

0 2016 0

3.1416 3.1416
2016
10
2016 10
3
2016 3
THEOREMS 1.2.2
Suppose lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim g( 𝑥) = 𝑀. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Addition Theorem
 (i) lim [𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 ] = 𝐿 ± 𝑀
𝑥→𝑎

Example:
if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1. lim 𝑓 𝑥 + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = (4) + (-5) = 4–5= -1 answer

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
2. lim 𝑓 𝑥 − lim 𝑔(𝑥) = (4) - (-5) = 4+5= 9 answer
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
 THEOREMS 1.2.2
Suppose lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim g( 𝑥) = 𝑀. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Multiplication Theorem
 (ii) lim [𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 ] = 𝐿 ∙ 𝑀
𝑥→𝑎

Example : if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑:

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1. lim 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔(𝑥) = (4) . (-5) = -20 answer

𝑥→𝑎

Constant Multiple Theorem

 (iii) lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝐿
𝑥→𝑎

Example: if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 , find

𝑥→𝑎

1. lim 8 . 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. 4 = 32 answer
𝑥→𝑎

2. lim −11. 𝑓(𝑥) = -11. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = -11. 4 = -44 answer

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
THEOREMS 1.2.2
Suppose lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim g( 𝑥) = 𝑀. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Division Theorem
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
 (iv) lim 𝑔(𝑥) = , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑀 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑀

Example : if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑:

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿 0
1. lim 𝑔(𝑥) = = −5 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑥→𝑎 𝑀
𝑔(𝑥)
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑀
=
−5
= 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 , 𝑠𝑜 𝐷𝑁𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑥→𝑎 𝐿 0
THEOREMS 1.2.3 and 1.2.5
Power Theorem
Let lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝐿𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Example:
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, then
𝑥→𝑎

1. lim [𝑓(𝑥)]3 = 43 = 64 answer

𝑥→𝑎

2. lim [𝑓(𝑥)]−2 = 4−2 = 1 = 1

answer
𝑥→𝑎 42 16
Radical/Root Theorem
𝑛
Let lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 = 2

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
THEOREMS 1.2.4

 lim 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑃 𝑎 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑥→𝑎