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PRESENTATION TOPIC :

CENTRIFUGATION,DESICCATION AND
LEVIGATION

Presented by
Group A-4 
CENTRIFUGATION
A mechanical method of separating
immiscible liquids or solids from liquids
by the application of centrifugal force.
More-dense components of the mixture
migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge,
while less dense components of the mixture
migrate towards the axis.
Centrifuge:
A centrifuge is a device for
separating particles from a
solution according to their
size, shape, density,
viscosity of the medium
and rotor speed.

What is the principle of process of


centrifugation?

• Centrifugation works on the principle of


sedimentation
Factors affecting rate of sedimentation:

1. Sedimentation of a molecule influenced by


properties of the molecules (Size, shape,
density).
2. Properties of the solvent, or the gradient
material(density,
viscosity, temperature)
3. Effect of gravity.
4. Centrifugal force.
5. Used to separate particles or
macromolecules.
Types of Centrifugation
A.Preparative Centrifugation
1. Differential Centrifugation
2. Density gradient Centrifugation
2a. Rate-Zonal Centrifugation
2b. Isopycnic Centrifugation
B. Analytical Centrifugation

a) Preparative Centrifugation
- used to separate organelles and molecules

- can handle larger liquid volumes


1.Differential Centrifugation
- based on the size of the particles
- sedimentation depends on mass, shape and partial
specific volume of a macromolecule, as well as
solvent density, rotor size, rate of rotation
2.Density Gradient Centrifugation
- method to purify subcellular organelles and
macromolecules.
- density gradients generated by placing layer after layer of
gradient media.
- Density gradient centrifugation classified into two:
2a. Rate-Zonal separation (size)
2b. Isopycnic Separation (Density)

2a.Rate- Zonal Centrifugation

- density increases towards the bottom


of the tube.
- sample layered on the top.
- molecules form discrete bands after
centrifugation.
- separation based on size of the
molecules.
2b. Isopycnic Separation
- based on the density
of the molecules.

b) Analytical Centrifugation
- uses small size samples.

Precautionary Measures
It's good to label the tubes so you don't
mistake something dangerous for water.
Black marker is handy for writing on the
sides of the tubes.
Be careful if you label only the caps... it's
easy to mix them up.
You may notice that one of the tubes contains
concentrated H2SO4.
The other one contains water. The density of conc. H2SO4 is much
higher than water, so equal volumes couldn't be used. The tubes
had to be balanced on a scale.
Levigation
Levigation is the process
of grinding an insoluble
substance to a fine
powder, while wet.
How the process begins?
The material is introduced into the mill together
with water, in which the powdered substance
remains suspended, and flows from the mill as a
turbid liquid or thin paste, according to the amount
of water employed. There is no loss of material as
dust, nor injury or annoyance to the workmen.
Further, any soluble impurities in the substance are
dissolved, and the product thereby purified.
The greatest advantage of this process
is the facility it affords for the subsequent separation
of the product into various grades of fineness,
because of the slower subsidence of the finer
particles from suspension. The turbid liquid, flows
into the first of a series of tanks, and is allowed to
stand for a certain time. The coarsest and heaviest
particles quickly subside, leaving the finer material
suspended in the water, which is drawn from above
the sediment into the next tank. The liquid is passed
from tank to tank, remaining in each longer than it
remained in the preceding, since the finer and
lighter the particles, the more time is necessary for
their deposit.
But as a rule, from three to five days is sufficient.
The term "levigation" ; is now often applied to mere
sedimentation,a substance being simply stirred up in
water, without previous wet-grinding in order to
separate the finer from the coarser particles.

USES Of Levigation:
1.To make into a smooth, fine powder or paste, as by
grinding when moist.
2. To separate fine particles from coarse by grinding in
water.
3. To suspend in a liquid.
4. To make smooth; polish
.

Desiccation
The process or processes
by which a substance,
which may be either solid,
liquid, or gaseous, is freed
from accompanying
moisture.
Dessication for solids and liquids:
For solids, heat alone is the most common mode of
accomplishing this, steam or air ovens being generally
employed. The action may also be accelerated by the
passage of a current of hot dry air over the solid. In cases
where heating is inadmissible, the drying may be effected
by placing the substance in an exhausted vessel containing
also a quantity of some desiccator. Liquids are generally
allowed to stand over, or shaken with, some substance
which combines readily with water, but does not act upon
the liquid in question.
A desiccator or desiccant
container is a
chamber that removes water
from
chemicals or items.
Common Desiccant Chemicals
silica gel (the beads in those little
packets).
sodium hydroxide (sometimes sold as a
solid drain cleaner).
calcium chloride (sold as a solid
laundry bleach or a road salt).
You can use the silica packets or another dessicant to
keep special items dry or to keep water from hydrating
chemicals. All you need is a hygroscopic (water-
absorbing) chemical and a way to seal your container.
Make a Desiccator
This is extremely simple. Just place a small amount of
one of the desiccant chemicals into a shallow dish.
Enclose an open container of the item or chemical you
wish to dehydrate with the container of desiccant. A large
plastic bag works well for this purpose, but you could use
a jar or any airtight container.
The desiccant will need to be replaced after it has
absorbed all of the water that it can hold. Some chemicals
will liquefy when this occurs so that you will know they
need to be replaced (e.g., sodium hydroxide). Otherwise,
you'll just need to switch out the desiccant when it starts
to lose its effectiveness.

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