PHYSICS 1 for IT

Topic 1-Introduction of Newtonian

Mechanics
Franklin D. Quiachon
Lecturer

Southville International School and Colleges (SISC)

 Definition of Terms

What is Physics?

It is the natural science that studies matter and its motion

and behavior through space and time; and that studies the
related entities of energy and force.
Definition of Terms

Why we study Physics?

It is a fundamental science and is used to explain the most basic events in

nature and the world around us.
• Matter – matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having
volume.
• Motion - the movement of changing place.
• Space - is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events
have relative position and direction.
• Time - is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in
apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future
• Spacetime - is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space
and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.
Video - Introduction to physics, Khan Academy
Branches of Sciences
Modern Science

Natural Social Sciences: Formal

Sciences: study study individuals & Sciences: study
of nature societies abstract concepts

Physics Psychology Mathematics

Chemistry Sociology Logic

Theoretical
Biology Economics Computer
Science

Others Others Others

 Branches of Physics

Classical Vibration and Quantum

Thermodynamics Optics Electromagnetism Relativity
Mechanics Wave Phenomena Mechanics
• The study of • The study of heat • Specific types of • Study of Light • Study of • Study of particles • Study of the
motion and its and temperature repetitive electricity, moving at any behavior of
causes; the motion Mirrors, magnetism and speed, including submicroscopic
interactions Engines, lenses, colors, light very high speeds. particles
between objects. refrigerators, Springs, astronomy
melting and pendulums and Electrical Particle The atom and
Falling objects, freezing sound Charge, collisions, its parts
projectiles, processes circuits, particle
friction, permanent accelerators,
weight, magnets, nuclear energy
spinning electromagnets
objects
Background and History

Birth of Classical Physics

was an Italian astronomer, was an English mathematician,

physicist and engineer, physicist, astronomer,
sometimes described as a theologian, and author
polymath. Galileo has been (described in his own day as a
called the "father of "natural philosopher") who is
observational astronomy", widely recognized as one of the
the "father of modern most influential scientists of all
physics", the "father of the time, and a key figure in the
scientific method", and the scientific revolution.
"father of modern science".
Background and History
Modern Physics was a German-born theoretical
physicist who developed the theory
of relativity, one of the two pillars of
modern physics (alongside quantum
mechanics). His work is also known
Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx for its influence on the philosophy of
Planck, was a German science. He is best known to the
theoretical physicist general public for his mass–energy
whose discovery of equivalence formula E = mc2, which
energy quanta won him has been dubbed "the world's most
the Nobel Prize in famous equation". He received the
Physics in 1918. 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his
services to theoretical physics, and
especially for his discovery of the law
of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal
step in the development of quantum
theory.
Fundamental Concepts

Classical mechanics often referred to as Newtonian mechanics describes the motion of

macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as
spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.
Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results when studying large objects that are
not extremely massive and speeds not approaching the speed of light.

The basic concepts of classical mechanics is that the motion of an

object is described by its position, mass, and the forces applied to
it.
Classical vs Modern Physics
Powers of Ten
Relative Size
of Things
Physical Quantities

Physical Quantities - all measurable quantities, such as length, mass time and temperature.
It possess at least two characteristics namely numerical magnitude and the unit in which it its
measured.

For example, the height (length) of a student is 104 cm; 104 is the numerical magnitude , and centimeter
is the unit of measurement.
Physical Quantities

Base Quantities
There are seven physical quantities which form the foundation for other physical quantities.
These are length, mass, time, electric current, temperature intensity of light and the amount of
a substance.

Derived Quantities

Those physical quantities which are expressed in terms of base quantities. These include area,
volume, speed force, work, energy, power, electric charge, electric potential, etc.

Derived units are defined in terms of base units and are obtained by multiplying or dividing
one or more base units with each other.
 Physical Quantities

International System of Units

The eleventh General
Conference on Weight and
Measures held in Paris in
1960 adopted a world-wide
system of measurements
called International System
of Units commonly referred
as SI.
 Physical Quantities

International System of Units

The eleventh General
Conference on Weight and
Measures held in Paris in
1960 adopted a world-wide
system of measurements
called International System
of Units commonly referred
as SI.
 Physical Quantities

Prefixes
Some of the quantities are either very large of very small.
SI units have the advantage that their multiples and sub-
multiples can be expressed in terms of prefixes. Prefixes
are the words or letters added before SI units such as kilo,
mega, giga and milli. Prefixes are useful to express very
large or small quantities.
 Physical Quantities

Scientific Notation
A simple but scientific way to write large or small numbers is to express them in some power
of ten.

In scientific notation, a number is expressed as some power of ten multiplied by a number

between 1 and 10.

For example: a number 62750 can be expressed as 6.275 x 104. Similarly 0.00045 is 4.5 x 10-4.
 Fundamental of Units

SI System (metric) BI System (English)

Quantity Unit Symbol Unit Symbol

Length meter m feet ft

Mass kilogram kg pounds lb

Time second s second s

Fundamental of Units

Conversion from metric to English units

Quantity Metric English

Length 1 meter = 3.28 feet
Mass 1 kilogram = 2.2 lbs
Time 1 second = 1 second
Fundamental of Units
Conversion from Metric to English units

Jose is 5 feet tall and weighs 130 lbs. Convert his

height and weight in metric units.

5 𝑓𝑡
= 1.52 𝑚
3.28 𝑓𝑡/𝑚

130 𝑙𝑏𝑠
= 59.1 kg
2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑘𝑔
Scientific and Engineering Notation

Terms
Scientific A system for representing any number as a number
between 1 and 10 times a power of ten.
notation
Engineering A system for representing any number as a one-, two-, or
three-digit number times a power of ten with an exponent
notation that is a multiple of three.

Exponent The number to which the base is raised.

Metric prefix A symbol that is used to replace the power of ten in

numbers expressed in scientific or engineering notation.
Scientific and Engineering Notation

Very large and very small numbers are represented

with scientific and engineering notation.

93,000,000 = 9.3 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 93. x 106 (Engineering Notation)
Scientific and Engineering Notation

0.000 069 = 6.9 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

= 69 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

0.403 = 4.03 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 403 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)
Engineering Prefixes
Engineering Prefixes
Scientific Method of
Measurement
When using measuring devices, only estimate one digit further than the level
of precision inherent in the instrument.
In any measurement, it will have a certain amount of significant figures or sig
fig associated with it and that display how precise is it.
Errors in measurement
• difference between the measured value and true value
• the deviation of a reading or set of readings from the expected
value of the measured variable

Three general error categories:

• Gross errors – due to the person using the instrument
• Systematic errors – due to problems with instruments,
environmental effects or observational errors
• Random errors – other than gross and systematic that may be
of concern only with high accuracy measurements
Parallax Error – the
apparent shift in the
position of an object
when it is viewed in
various angles.
Rules for determining number of Sig Figs:
1. All Non-zero digits are significant. 316 = 3 sig figs
2. Zeros in between other digits are significant. 6.003 = 4 sig figs
3. Final zeroes after decimal point. 2.0 = 2 sig figs; 28.40 = 4 sig figs
4. Leading zeros are not significant. 0.00035 = 2 sig figs
5. Trailing decimal zeros are significant. 0.035000 = 5 sig figs
6. Placeholding zeroes are not significant. 35,000 = 2 sig figs ; 10,000 = 1 sig fig
7. All numbers in scientific notation are significant. 3.8 x10 exp. 6 = 2 sig figs
Round up or down at the appropriate digit
5 or higher means round up; 4 or below means round down
Rounding to 3 sig figs:
9.365 = 9.37
9.364 = 9.36

Rules for Calculating with Sig Figs

1. When adding or subtracting, use the fewest number of decimal places.

10.1 1 decimal place

+ 7.43 2 decimal places
17.5 1 decimal place

2. When multiplying or dividing, use fewest number of sig figs.

4.93 3 sig figs 19 ÷ 3 = (6.3333) round off to 6

x 6.027 4 sig figs
29.7 3 sig figs
Comprehension Check

State the number of sig figs in each value:

1. 0.00003050 = 4 sig figs
2. 34,700 = 3 sig figs
3. 1,000.04 = 6 sig figs
4. 0.036 = 2 sig figs
5. 20,000 = 1 sig fig

Complete the calculations to the correct number of sig figs:

1. 5.4589 – 2.33 = 3.13 (2 decimals)
2. 16.872 + 3.8 = 20.7 (1 decimal)
3. 2.33 x 18 = 42 (2 sig figs)
4. 31.9 ÷ 7.318 = 4.36 (3 sig figs)
5. 27.5 ÷ 53.25 = 0.516 (3 sig figs)
 QUIZ

1. Physics is a natural sciences that studies

a. matter and its motion
b. compound and its reaction
c. life and living organism
d. all of the above
 QUIZ

2. Newtonian mechanics applies to

a. motion near the speed of light
b. microscopic matter
c. macroscopic objects
d. all of the above
 QUIZ

3. In scientific notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6
 QUIZ

4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6
 QUIZ

5. The metric prefix nano means

a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12
 QUIZ

6. The metric prefix pico means

a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12
 QUIZ

7. The number 2700 MW can be written

a. 2.7 TW
b. 2.7 GW
c. 2.7 kW
d. 2.7 mW
 QUIZ

8. The value 68 kW is equal to

a. 6.8 x 104 W
b. 68, 000 W
c. 0.068 MW
d. All of the above
 QUIZ

9. The sum of 330 mW + 1.5 W is

a. 331.5 mW
b. 3.35 W
c. 1.533 W
d. 1.83 W
 QUIZ

10. The quantity 200 mV is the same as

a. 0.000 200 V
b. 20 mV
c. 0.2 V
d. all of the above
 QUIZ

Answers:
1. a 6. d
2. c 7. b
3. b 8. d
4. d 9. d
5. c 10. a