Spatial dimension of city system

or phenomena
 Typologies of Urban Areas By Origin

PRIMARY SECONDARY Transplanted

• Mesopotamia • S. E Asia (Imperial/ Colonial
• Indus • Europe Extension)
• Nile • America Roman Towns
• Andes Towns in Third World
 Theories of Urban Origins
• In book An Introduction to Urban Historical
Geography, Harold Carter (1983) summarizes
four primary factors related to the emergence
of towns and cities:
 Agricultural Surplus
 Religious Causes
 Defensive Needs
 Trading Requirements
Delineating city boundary spatially
• no exact definition of its boundaries
• In the past, walls may have defined a city.
• How do you define a city today?
• Do you include all the outlying areas and
suburbs (called the "metropolitan region") or
do you only include the city centre? Questions
like this can cause inaccuracies and
disagreements.
 Two basic aspect of city
• Support of settlements
• Internal structure
 Cities are the focal point?
• In occupation and utilization have complex
systems determined on land configuration for
sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and
transportation)
• These are developed in definite pattern in
response to economic and social needs.
 Cities are paradoxes too?
• Providing Less environmental security because
of having larger area
– health issues, security, “community”
– “back to nature” movement
– increase in telecommuting
– cheaper land and house prices
 How do cities start?
 as transportation “stop” areas.
◦ Example: Lahore is at the junction of the northern and
southern Pakistan (N-5)
 as a central place for providing markets and
services for the surrounding area
◦ Example: Lahore,Pk
 as a special function city built around a specific
industry
◦ Example: Faisalabad, Pk
 Some cities grow so large they incorporate all of
the above and become multipurpose cities.
◦ Example: Karachi Pk
 Model of urban dimension
Central place theory
• Term coined by the geographer Mark
Jefferson in 1931:
"cities do not grow up of themselves;
countrysides set them up to do tasks that
must be performed in central places.“

• Two German scholars, Walter Christaller

(1893–1969) and August Lösch (1906–1945).
 Origin of CPT
• urban system of Southern Germany during the
1930s
• how urban settlements evolve and are spaced
out in relation to each other
• Relationship between the size, the number
and the geographic distribution of cities
 Assumption of CPT
• Isotropic land
• all settlements are equidistant
• evenly distributed resources
• Distance decay mechanism:
 The quality of shops decreasing as distance from the
centre also increases
 The height of buildings decreasing as distance from the
centre increases
 The price of land decreasing as distance from the
centre increases
• All consumers have a similar purchasing power and
demand for goods and services
Basic Concepts in central place theory
• Centrality city should be center of productive
area and a nodal point that serves the area
around with goods and services (Mayhew,
1997).
• Range is the how far you will go to obtain a
good or service. Low Range and High Range.
• Threshold is the number of people that live in
a region in order for a business to have
enough customers to show a profit
 How do we divide land in cities?

There are 6 major land uses in cities.

1. Residential – single unit, row housing, apartments

2. Commercial – stores, malls, offices, banks, restaurants, cinemas

3. Industrial – factories, warehouses, manufacturing

4. Transportation – roads, parking lots

5. Recreational – parks, bikepaths, beaches, museums

6. Institutional – schools, churches, courts, police and fire stations,

government
 City as a system:
Models of landuse
• Concentric zone model- Ernest Burgess in
1923
• Hyot model- 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt
• Multi nuclei-. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman
Concentric zone model
 Concentric Zone model
• Based on Chicago
• Direct attempt of von thunen model
• Other names: ring model, bull’s eye burgees
model etc
Hyot model
 Hyot Model
• Axial development
• People tend to live in relation to time and
distance and patterns of landuse are
conditioned by network pattern
• example: Calgary Canada 1961
Multi Nuclei
 Multi Nuclei
• Developed by C.D haris and E.L ullman in 1945
• Have more nuclei rather single simple point
• Los angles 1960
• causes:
Certain activities require specialized facilities
Some needs to stay apart airport abd
Mutual advantages of activities