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Jane Sherman
Shannon Sword
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‡ Previous Technologies -1G, 2G, 3G (CDMA,
GSM, UMTS) ² Multiplexing; Frequency, Time
& Code ‡ Reasons for New Research

‡ How 4G Works
- Architecture, AdHoc, IP core, OFDM
‡ Impact of 4G
- economic, socio-cultural, political
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‡ Analog
- Continuous in amplitude and time
- Variations in the signal - disrupts over long distances
‡ Simplest type to wireless data
‡ Average between 4,800 to 9,600 bps (bits per second)
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‡ Advantages
- Digital - consists of 1s and 0s
‡ Digital signal: 1) Low level, 2) High level,
3) Rising edge, and 4) Falling edge


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- Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much
more effectively than analog voice encodings ‡ Multiplexing -
multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are
combined into one signal
 

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- Allows for lower powered radio signals that require
less battery power
- CODEC introduction - program that encodes and
decodes digital data stream or signal
‡ Translates data from digital to analog and vice
versa






 

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‡ Advantages
- The digital voice encoding allows digital error
checking
‡ increase sound quality
‡ lowers the noise level
- Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of
digital data transfer
‡ SMS - ´short message serviceµ
‡ E-mail


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‡ Disadvantages
- Cell towers had a limited coverage area
‡ Jagged Decay curve
- Abrupt dropped calls
- Analog - gradual sound reduction
‡ ´Spottyµ coverage
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‡ Large capacity and broadband capabilities
‡ Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to
2Mbps
‡ Increased spectrum efficiency - 5Mhz
- A greater number of users that can be simultaneously
supported by a radio frequency bandwidth - High data
rates at lower incremental cost than 2G - Global
roaming


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‡ CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

- Form of multiplexing
- Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency -
Encodes data with a special code associated with each
channel
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‡ FDMA - Each phone call is allocated one frequency for

the entire duration of the call.
‡ TDMA - Each phone call is allocated a spot in the
frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns"
being transmitted.
‡ CDMA - Each phone call is uniquely encoded and
transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner
known as spread spectrum transmission.


 
    



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‡ Even though 3G has successfully been

introduced to European mobile users, there are
some issues that are debated by 3G providers
and users.
- High input fees for the 3G service licenses
- Great differences in the licensing terms -
Current high debt of many
telecommunication companies, making it
more of a challenge to build the necessary
infrastructure for 3G
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‡ Government are forced to

support to the financially
troubled operators
‡3G phones are expensive ‡
Lack of 2G mobile user buy-in for
3G wireless service
‡ Lack of coverage because it is
still a new service
- i.e. Champaign-Urbana uses
2.5G
- Chicago is 3G equipped
      

  




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‡ Fourth Generation Technology
‡ Faster and more reliable
-100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s) ‡
Lower cost than previous generations ‡ Multi-standard
wireless system - Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x) ‡
Ad Hoc Networking

‡ IPv6 Core
‡ OFDM used instead of CDMA ‡
Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n -
Most information is proprietary
    
 
 

‡ % 

: fix access points, (ie cell
tower) connected by fiber, microwave, or
satellite (ISP)

‡  & 


' wireless LANs (ie.
internet at Starbuck·s)

‡ 

 (
 
"' devices that

connect to upper layers; cell phone, fax,
voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs

‡  )

 
' environmental sensors

‡ *

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: high speed
subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables
and repeaters
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‡ Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices
‡ Not necessarily connected to internet
‡ 4G will create hybrid wireless networks using
Ad Hoc networks
‡ Form of mesh networking
- Very reliable
) 


‡ Beam radio signals directly at a user to follow the user as
they move
‡ Allow the same radio frequency to be used for other
users without worry of interference
‡ Can·t keep up transmission speeds while device is
moving fast (i.e. in a car)
- Only 32Mb/s at 62mph (vs 100Mb/s)
‡ Seamless handoff between towers/access points ‡
One transmit antenna, two receive antennas - Allows
connection to two access points at once
Pa -.t -Sinart
Antenna

It'
!-same time ano
rrequerry

) Antenna Technology
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‡ More addresses than current version of IP protocol
(Version 4) X each device can have own IP - Keep IP
address even if you change access point - Presently
translate IP with each change because not enough IP
addresses to go around
‡ IP Core- everything can talk to each other if they speak
the same ´languageµ (protocol)

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‡´Voice Over Internet Protocolµ
‡ Allows only packets (IP) to be transferred, eliminating
complexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit ‡ All voice
data will be wrapped up in a packet - lower latency
data transmission (faster transmission) ‡ Samples voice
between 8,000 & 64,000 times per second and creates
stream of bits which is then compressed and put into a
packet.
‡ Increases battery life due to greater data compression

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‡ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ‡ Allows
for transfer of more data than other forms of multiplexing
(time, frequency, code, etc) ‡ Simplifies the design of
the transmitter & receiver ‡ Allows for use of almost the
entire frequency band - No gaps to prevent interference
needed ‡ Currently used in WiMax (802.16) and Wi-Fi
(802.11a/g)
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Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The

phase of the sin wave changes to represent a
different bit.
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‡ Frequency of the previous wave
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‡ The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do not
interfere with each other (no cross talk)
‡ Parallel Data Transmission - Allows for the sending of
multiple signals simultaneously from the same antenna (or
wire) to one device
- Each transmission has a different stream of bits
Ö XX
.ate

Frequency

Figure 1: FDM with Nine Sub-carriers Using Filters

9 Subcantiers

Frequency

Figure 2: OFDM with Nine Sub-carriers

Nulls Nulls

Frequency. Channel
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‡ More affordable communication services ‡ One
device can communicate with all vs. many devices
communicating with some devices
‡ TV, internet, phone, radio, home environment sensors all
reachable through one device X the cell phone -
Streaming HD video
‡ Too connected?
- Increase in social networking, invasion of privacy,
security concerns
- Increase in regulation likely (ie. no driving and using
a cell phone)
#
$

‡ China Mobile, KPN, NTT DoCoMo, Orange, Intel,

Motorola, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Vodafone already
doing research on 4G
‡ Much of this information is proprietary at this time ‡
Expected release of 4G services as early as 2008. ‡
Majority of companies expect widespread use of 4G
systems by 2010.
‡ Lifecycle of 4G is estimated to be 15 years.
´

 
$
%* 
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‡ Agha, Khaldoun & Omidyar, Cambyse. Mobile and

Wireless Communications Networks. Singapore, World
Scientific, 2003
‡ Glisic, Savo. Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G
Technologies. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2004 ‡
Lightman, Alex. Brave New Unwired World; The Digital Big
Bang and the Infinite Internet. New York, John Wiley &
Sons, 2002
‡ Wang, Jiangzhou. Broadband Wireless
Communications. Norwell, Massachusetts, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2001
%* 
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‡  
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"
. Charmed

Technology. 11/16/2006 www.charmed.com ‡ j
| . Wave Report. 11/16/2006 http://www.wave-
report.com/tutorials/OFDM.htm ‡ j | . University
of Edinburgh. 11/3/2006.
www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~acmc/jTut.html ‡ ß " - 
# 
. HowStuffWorks.com 11/16/2006.
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony3.htm ‡
#j |
      
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" 
 11/16/2006.

http://www.4g.co.uk/PR2004/August2004/2032.htm
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‡ j j

" Intel Corporation. 11/16/2006

http://www.intel.com/education/highered/wireless/lectures/l07-
overview_of_ofdm.ppt
‡ j   

 
  Multiplexing. Intel Corporation.
10/30/2006
www.intel.com/netcomms/technologies/wimax/303787.pdf
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www.4G.co.uk. 10/30/2006
http://www.4g.co.uk/PR2006/2067.htm
‡  

 ¢

 

4G. The Economist. 11/4/2006
http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id=
1816742
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$ Rice

University. 11/15/2006
http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~elec301/Projects01/cdma
/compare.html
‡        Qualcomm Learning Center.
11/15/2006
http://www.cdmauniversity.com/ProdTech/cdma/traini
ng/cdma25/m4/m4p01.html
‡  j

" UMTS. 11/15/2006
http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.ht
m