Part III

Passive Optical Components

John Xiupu Zhang

Fiber Couplers
Principle of Fiber Coupler/Splitter

Fiber A Fiber A

Fiber B Coupling length Fiber B

0.5

-0.5

-1

Resonant coupling
Types of coupler/splitter

Waveguide
Splitting ratio
Insertion loss
Crosstalk
 Wavelength selective coupler/splitter
1550nm 1550+980nm -1

-0.5

0.5

980nm 1

1310nm+1550 nm 1310 nm 1

0.5

-0.5

1550 nm -1
Fiber Bragg Grating
The reflected wavelength , called
)

the Bragg wavelength, is defined

by the relationship,

is the fraction of power in the core

 FBG
structure Index
 FBG
Two quantities that control the properties of the FBG.
(a) the grating length,
(b) the grating strength,.

A third quantity to help with side-lobe suppression:

Index change shape
Such as apodization of the
refractive index change.
Gaussian and raised-cosine.
 FBG
Chirped fiber Bragg gratings
The refractive index profile of the grating
(a) a linear variation in the grating period, called a chirp.
(b) The reflected wavelength changes with the grating period,
thus broadening the reflected spectrum.
(c) A grating possessing a chirp: adding dispersion—namely,
different wavelengths reflected from the grating will be
subject to different delays.
(d) This property dispersion compensation.
 FBG
Tilted fiber Bragg gratings
In standard FBGs, the grading or variation of the refractive index
is along the length of the fiber (the optical axis), and is typically
uniform across the width of the fiber. In a tilted FBG (TFBG),
the variation of the refractive index is at an angle to the optical
axis. The angle of tilt in a TFBG has an effect on the reflected
wavelength, and bandwidth
Long-period gratings
Typically the grating period is the same size as the Bragg
wavelength. For a grating that reflects at 1500 nm, the
grating period is 500 nm, using a refractive index of 1.5.
long-period fiber grating typically has grating periods on the
order of 100 mm, to a millimeter, and are therefore much
easier to manufacture
Types of common FBGs

After Raman Kyashyap

After Raman Kyashyap
uniform Gaussian apodised
A long-period fiber grating couples light from a guided mode into forward
propagating cladding modes where it is lost due to absorption and scattering

After Raman Kyashyap

After Raman Kyashyap
Gain flattening filter

After TeraXion
Manufacture of FBG

After Raman Kyashyap

Photosensitive optical fibers and UV sources

After Raman Kyashyap

 Excimer Laser

Kr Xe
F2 ArF KrF Xef
Cl Cl

Wavelength 157 193 222 248 308 351 nm

Max. Peak Power 400 1.400 120 2.000 800 600 kw

Max. Repetition Rate 100 100 100 100 100 100 Hz

MPB Tech. Montreal

Athermal package

After Raman Kyashyap

Optical isolator

After Raman Kyashyap

After Raman Kyashyap
After Raman Kyashyap
After Raman Kyashyap
Optical circulators

After Raman Kyashyap

Three port circulator

o
Three port circulator
Phase modulator

After R. Kashyap
Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM)

 2  1   2  1 
Eout  Ein cos   exp  j 
 2   2 
1 1
0.5
Transmission

V
0

-0.5 2
-1

Driving voltage
Z-cut MZM (single drive)
Z-cut MZM (dual drive)

RF data RF data
Ground Ground Ground

x
X-cut MZM
RF data
Ground Ground

x
z
Modulation response of x-cut MZM
Specification of MZM
After Raman Kashyap
 Electro-absorption modulator

Reverse-biased p-n junction

Strong absorber of light
Transmission loss

Reverse bias voltage

Electro-absorption modulator integrated laser (EML)

-15

Optical loss (dB)

-20

T TE
-25

-30
TTM

-35
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Reverse bias voltage (V)
Optical filter

• Tunable optical filter (wavelength only)

• Non-tunable optical filter
• Tunable optical filter in both wavelength and
bandwidth

bandwidth

wavelength
Volume phase grating

Surface pattern: Periodic index:

modulate the phase Modulate the phase
Transmission phase grating

d
Q>10: thick VPG
 m: diffraction order
Diffraction angle:
Optical DeMultiplexer
Double pass demultiplexer
Parameter definition
Optical interleaver/de-interleaver
Polarization interleaver
Add Drop