Fourth Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

7 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Transformations of
Stress and Strain
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Transformations of Stress and Strain

Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-Dimensional Analysis of Stress
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-2

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-3

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-4

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA   x A cos  cos   xy A cos sin 
  y A sin  sin    xy A sin   cos
 Fy   0   xy A   x A cos sin    xy A cos  cos
  y A sin   cos   xy A sin  sin 

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-5

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-6

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave

2
 x  y 
 max  R      xy
2
 2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-7

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x   y 
 max, min       xy
2
For the state of plane stress shown, 2  2 
determine (a) the principal planes, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2
maximum shearing stress and the   x   y 
 max      xy
2
corresponding normal stress.  2 
x  y

 
2

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-8

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40 
tan 2 p    1.333
 x  y 50   10 
2 p  53.1, 233.1
 p  26.6, 116.6
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 x  10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x   y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-9

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.01
• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
 x  y 
 max      xy
2
 2 
 302  402
 max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa  s   p  45
 x  10 MPa  s  18.4, 71.6

• The corresponding normal stress is

x  y 50  10
    ave  
2 2
   20 MPa

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 10

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 11

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P  670 N
T  670 N 450mm  301.5kNmm
M x  670 N 250mm  167.5 kNmm

• Evaluate the normal and shearing

stresses at H.

y  
Mc

167.5kNmm15mm
4  15mm 
4
I 1

 xy  
Tc

301.5kNmm15mm
2  15mm 
4
J 1

 x  0  y  63.2 MPa  y  56.9 MPa

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 12

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy 256.9
tan 2 p    1.8
 x   y 0  6.32
2 p  61.0,119

 p  30.5, 59.5

x y   y 
2

 max, min    x    xy2

2  2 
0  63.2  0  63.2 
2

     56.9 
2

2  2 

 max  96.7MPa
 min  33.5 MPa
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 13
Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.

• For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max, min   ave  R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 14
Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 15

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
x  ,  y   xy  0  x   y   xy 
A 2A

• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
 x   y  0  xy  x y   xy  0
J J

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 16

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.02

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the SOLUTION:
principal stresses, (d) the maximum • Construction of Mohr’s circle
shearing stress and the corresponding
 ave 
x  y

50   10  20 MPa
normal stress.
2 2
CF  50  20  30 MPa FX  40 MPa
R  CX  302  402  50 MPa
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 17
Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.02
• Principal planes and stresses
 max  OA  OC  CA  20  50
 max  70 MPa
 min  OB  OC  BC  20  50
 min  30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2 p  
CF 30
2 p  53.1

 p  26.6

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 18

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.02

• Maximum shear stress

 s   p  45  max  R     ave

 s  71.6  max  50 MPa    20 MPa

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 19

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.  x   y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 20
Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 21

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

  180  60  67.4  52.6

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2  60  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111.6 MPa
 xy  41.3 MPa

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 22

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

General State of Stress

• Consider the general 3D state of stress at a point and
the transformation of stress from element rotation

• State of stress at Q defined by:  x , y , z , xy , yz , zx

• Consider tetrahedron with face perpendicular to the

line QN with direction cosines: x , y , z

• The requirement  Fn  0 leads to,

 n   x2x   y 2y   z 2z
 2 xyx y  2 yz  y z  2 zxz x

• Form of equation guarantees that an element

orientation can be found such that
 n   a2a   bb2   cc2
These are the principal axes and principal planes
and the normal stresses are the principal stresses.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 23

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress

• Transformation of stress for an element • The three circles represent the

rotated around a principal axis may be normal and shearing stresses for
represented by Mohr’s circle. rotation around each principal axis.
• Points A, B, and C represent the • Radius of the largest circle yields the
principal stresses on the principal planes maximum shearing stress.
(shearing stress is zero) 1
 max   max   min
2
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 24
Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress
• In the case of plane stress, the axis
perpendicular to the plane of stress is a
principal axis (shearing stress equal zero).
• If the points A and B (representing the
principal planes) are on opposite sides of
the origin, then
a) the corresponding principal stresses
are the maximum and minimum
normal stresses for the element
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum “in-
plane” shearing stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress
are at 45o to the principal planes.

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 25

Edition
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress
• If A and B are on the same side of the
origin (i.e., have the same sign), then

a) the circle defining max, min, and

max for the element is not the circle
corresponding to transformations within
the plane of stress

b) maximum shearing stress for the

element is equal to half of the
maximum stress

c) planes of maximum shearing stress are

at 45 degrees to the plane of stress

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 26