Group Members:

Names CU-IDs

Faizan Wajid CU-569-2015

Muhammad Ali CU-564-2015
Danish Hussain CU-548-2015
Shakir ullah CU-418-2014
 Presentation Topics

 Brayton Cycle
 Intercooling
 Regeneration
 Sample Numerical
 Cogeneration and process heat.
Brayton Cycle : The ideal cycle for gas turbine engines

 The Brayton cycle was first proposed by George Brayton for use in the reciprocating oil-
burning engine that he developed around 1870.

 Today it is used for gas turbines only where both the compression and expansion processes
take place in rotating machinery.

 Two types of Brayton cycle

 Open Brayton cycle
 Closed Brayton cycle
 Open Brayton cycle

 Since most gas turbines are based on the Brayton cycle with internal combustion (e.g. jet
engines), they are based on the open Brayton cycle.
 In this cycle, air from the ambient atmosphere is compressed to a higher pressure and
temperature by the compressor.
 In the combustion chamber, air is heated further by burning the fuel-air mixture in the air
flow. Combustion products and gases expand in the turbine either to near atmospheric
pressure or to a pressure required by the jet engines.
 The open Brayton cycle means that the gases are discharged directly into the atmosphere.

An open-cycle gas turbine engine

 Closed Brayton cycle

In a closed Brayton cycle working medium (e.g. helium) recirculates in the loop and the gas
expelled from the turbine is reintroduced into the compressor.
In these turbines, a heat exchanger (external combustion) is usually used and only clean
medium with no combustion products travels through the power turbine.
The closed Brayton cycle is used, for example, in closed-cycle gas turbine and high-temperature
gas cooled reactors.

A closed cycle gas turbine engine

Brayton Cycle Processes

In a closed ideal Brayton cycle, the system executing the cycle undergoes a series of four
processes: two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes alternated with two isobaric
processes:

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2-3 Constant –pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
Isentropic compression

The working gas (e.g. helium) is compressed adiabatically from state 1 to state 2 by the
compressor (usually an axial-flow compressor). T
he surroundings do work on the gas, increasing its internal energy (temperature) and
compressing it (increasing its pressure). On the other hand the entropy remains unchanged. The
work required for the compressor is given by
WC = H2 – H1.
Isobaric heat addition (in a heat exchanger)
In this phase (between state 2 and state 3) there is a constant-pressure heat transfer to the gas
from an external source, since the chamber is open to flow in and out. In an open ideal Brayton
cycle, the compressed air then runs through a combustion chamber, where fuel is burned and
air or another medium is heated (2 → 3). It is a constant-pressure process, since the chamber is
open to flow in and out. The net heat added is given by
Qadd = H3 – H2
Isentropic expansion (expansion in a turbine)

The compressed and heated gas expands adiabatically from state 3 to state 4 in a turbine. The
gas does work on the surroundings (blades of the turbine) and loses an amount of internal
energy equal to the work that leaves the system. The work done by turbine is given by
WT = H4 – H3.
Isobaric heat rejection (in a heat exchanger)
In this phase the cycle completes by a constant-pressure process in which heat is rejected from
the gas. The working gas temperature drops from point 4 to point 1. The net heat rejected is
given by
Qre = H4 – H1

Thermal Efficiency ;
 Intercooling
Intercooling is the process of cooling the heated (and pressurized) intake
air after the turbocharger or supercharger before it enters the
combustion chamber.
 Types of Intercooling
Two main types:-
• Air to Air Intercooling
Air to Air Intercoolers are the simplest, cheapest and most used
intercoolers. They use the air that is flowing through the intercooler to
cool the charged air inside the intercooler. They are basically a radiator
that cools the air instead of coolant inside the engine.
• Air to Liquid Intercooling
Air to Liquid Intercoolers are much more complex and therefore
more expensive. They use a separate cooling system that covers
the intercooler to cool the air inside the intercooler. These systems
are very common in marine applications due to the unlimited
access to cool water.
 How does it work?
As the air is compressed by a turbo/supercharger it gets very hot, very
quickly. As its temperature climbs its oxygen content (density) drops, so
by cooling the air, an intercooler provides a denser, more oxygen rich air
to the engine thus improving the combustion by allowing more fuel to
be burned. It also increases reliability as it provides a more consistent
temperature of intake air to the engine which allows the air fuel ratio of
the engine to remain at a safe level.
Regeneration of Gas Turbine Plant

 Regeneration process involves the installation of a heat exchanger in the gas turbine cycle.

 The heat-exchanger is also known as the recuperator.

 This heat exchanger is used to extract the heat from the exhaust gas .

 This exhaust gas is used to heat the compressed air.

 This compressed and pre-heated air then enters the combustors.

 When the heat exchanger is well designed , the effectiveness is high and pressure drops are
minimal

 And when these heat exchangers are used an improvement in the efficiency is noticed.

 Regenerated Gas turbines can improve the efficiency more than 5 % . Regenerated Gas
Turbine work even more effectively in the improved part load applications.
 The highest temperature occurring within the regenerator is T4.
 Air normally leaves the regenerator at a lower temperature, T5.
 In the limiting (ideal) case, the air exits the regenerator at the inlet temperature of the
exhaust gases T4.
 The actual and maximum heat transfers are: qregen,act = h5 - h2 and
 qregen,max =

h5’- h2 = h4 - h2
 The extent to which a regenerator approaches an ideal regenerator is called the
effectiveness,
 ε and is defined as
 ε = qregen,act / qregen,max = (h5 - h2)/(h4 - h2)