COASTAL PROCESSES

AND HAZARD
OBJECTIVES:

1. Describe how coastal processes result in

coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater
intrusion.
2. Give practical ways of coping with coastal
erosion, submersion and salt water intrusion.
3. Cite ways to mitigate the impact of the
land development, waste disposal, and
construction of structures on control of coastal
processes.
INTRODUCTION

The Philippines has a total of 7,100

islands and has one of the longest coastlines
in the world, approximately 36, 289 km.
COASTAL ECOSYSTEM
 Coastlines comprise the natural
boundary zone between the land and the
ocean. The coastal ecosystem consists of
sand beach, sand dunes, coral reefs,
estuaries, delta, lagoons, mangroves, and
sea grass beds.
SIGNIFICANT VALUE OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEM

1. Resources such as marine plants and animals,

crude oil, natural gas, minerals, salts and
construction materials (gravel and sand)
2. Service (directly and indirectly) like recreation,
transportation, shoreline protection sustaining
biodiversity and potential sources of nonrenewable
energy (wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy
conversion, OTEC
 Coastal Process

Coastal region undergoes

changes

1. erosion
2. submersion
3. salt intrusion
COASTAL EROSION
The wearing away of rocks at the crust.
This is caused by

a. waves that break scraping rocks and

carrying loose rocks

b. sea water dissolving some of the

chemicals in the rocks.
 Intense hydrometeorological
phenomena lead to coastal erosion,
submersion of low coastal zones and salt
water intrusion in coastal areas. Salt
intrusion is the movement of salt water into
fresh water aquifer
 Human activities also accelerate
coastal process. These include construction
of structures on or near the beach,
dumping site for solid waste or construction
of septic system close to the beach,
harbour development tourism-related
activities, quarrying an mining.
MITIGATION OF COASTAL EROSION,
SUBMERSION AND SALT INTRUSION

Suggested Strategies

1. Political through legistration that define

proper zoning, better land use planning
and conversion, proper waste disposal and
regulated mining and quarrying
2. Structural through the use of hard and soft
structures include breakwater, seawall, and
groyne

Soft structural aims to dissipate wave energy

by maintaining natural the natural topography of
the coast. It includes beach
nourishment/feeding, dune building
revegetation.
 Beach nourishment consist of adding
large volumes of sand to the beach. The
sand may be obtained from an instant of
offshore source. This requires regular
maintenance and is usually used in
conjunction with hard structure options.
Coastal revegetation is recommended
to muddy coastal environment or within the
tidl zone of estuaries where mangrove forest
and other indigenous shrub species are
commonly found
THUNDERSTORM

At times you experience very strong rain

accompanied by lightning and thunder
storm that last from about 30 minutes to one
hour. The phenomena is called
thunderstorm.
WHAT CAUSES THUNDERSTORM?

Thunderstorm occurs when masses of warm,

moist air long the earth’s surface are rapidly
forced upward into colder, dryer layers. As
warm air is forced upward it cools and
condenses, forming cumulonimbus clouds.
During a thunderstorm, areas of positive
and negative electrical charges build up in
the storm clouds.
 Lightning is produce when a sudden
when a sudden spark of electricity jumps
between these clouds or between a cloud
and the ground. The lightning causes the air
to heat and expand explosively. The result is
thunder a loud sound caused by the
pressure wave that accompanies lightning
 Lightning may strike people, trees,
building or tall structures. Objects struck by
lightning experience heat and magnetic
forces causing damage like burning.
Humans and animals struck by lightning
may suffer severe injury. This is due to
internal organ and nervous system damage.
How can you protect yourself from
lightning?
1. If inside home or building
- stay away from windows close to
windows
- get out from water
- do not touch metallic or electrical
gadgets/objects
2. If Outside

- mine to lower elevation

- avoid large open spaces
- stay inside the car
- stay away from isolated
objects/structure such as trees and light
posts
3. Assume ”lightning couch position”. Squat
down with your feet together. Such your
head in chest or between knees lower your
ears with your hands. Do not lie flat on the
ground gives lightning larger.
HIGHLIGHTS
 1. Hydrometeological phenomena
include monsoon, tropical cyclones, floods,
and tornadoes. They caused damage in
terms of human consequences, economic
consequences and environmental
degradation
 2. There are governmental and non-
governmental initiatives to mitigate
hydrometeorological hazards through
warning outputs like flood hazard map;
storm surge color-coded systems, and
public storm warning.
 3. Different platforms are used to
disseminate warning bulletin. These are through
radio, television, and social media and websites.
4. Coastal process like coastal erosion and
submersion are accelerated by intense
hydrometeorological phenomena and human
activities.
5. there are strategies/methods to mitigate
coastal erosion, submersion, and salt intrusion.
These include political strategy through
legislation and structural method.