LECTURE I.

 Research by Birtwhisle in 1970 studied communication

where the meaning of the words alone was potentially
ambiguous. His results showed that we make meaning
from the following factors:
 55% is taken from body language

38% is taken from tone of voice

7% is based solely on the words

 is a process that allows organisms to exchange
information by several methods. Exchange requires
feedback
 is the articulation of sending a message, whether it be
verbal or nonverbal
 is the process of meaningful interaction among human
beings
 is the process by which any message is given or
received through talking, writing, or making gestures
(There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and
sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as
body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact,
or the use of writing.)
 Content (what type of things are communicated)
 Source/Emisor/Sender/Encoder (by whom)
 Form (in which form)
 Channel (through which medium)
 Destination/Receiver/Target/Decoder (to whom)
 Purpose/Pragmatic aspect
(Communication: transmitting a message with the
expectation of some kind of response. This can be
interpersonal or intrapersonal)
Information transmission is governed by three levels of
semiotic rules:
 Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),

 pragmatic (concerned with the relations between

signs/expressions and their users) and
 semantic (study of relationships between signs and sy
 is the process of generating, transmitting and
receiving the signals with mutual understanding
between listener and speaker. Ideas can be expressed in
many forms.

 is a field that helps to understand how people are

communicating with themselves, within a group, or
within an organization. This process allows them to
share ideas and express their views in several ways.
• Verbal Communication

• Non verbal Communication

• Symbolic Communication
 is a primary communication that includes
skills like reading, writing and speaking
verbally in a common language.
 According to the Social Scientists, 7% of
Communication lies in Verbal and other 93%
comes under Non verbal Communication. Here
Language plays an important role since its
being used as medium to transfer their
thoughts between the users. Stewart (2005).
 Non verbal Communication is also known as “Body
Language”, which includes Facial Expressions,
Emotions, Gestures and Postures which can be
perceived by sensory channels like sight, smell, touch
and taste.
 Moreover Non-Verbal Communication Speaks better
than Oral Communication.
 These are illustrated by the products or elements we
are using such as the university in which we are
studying, the house we live in (e.g. Igloos,
Apartments).

 Words are the key aspects of Symbolic Communication

which also comes under Non-verbal Communication.
The exchange of ideas can be done with symbols that
may be words or Body signs. Body signs involves more
in Symbolic Communication than words.
is the most important aspect in Human
Communication. The Listening process constitutes five
elements:
• Hearing
• Attending
• Understanding
• Responding
• Remembering
 Communication has a great impact on people and
technology.
 Humans use communication as a process of
exchanging ideas and information through common
language.
 Finally a successful communication occurs when there
is a mix of both verbal and non-verbal.
 there are basically three elements in any face-to-face
communication:
 words,
 tone of words and
 body language

(words account for 7%,

tone of voice accounts for 38%,
and body language accounts for 55%
They are often abbreviated as the "3 Vs" for Verbal, Vocal
& Visual.)
 Stewart, Gwen (2005). nv. Retrieved August 28,
2007, web site:
http://www.leehopkins.com/types-of-
nonverbal-communication-listening-skills.html
 Denning,Stephan (October 2007). The Secret
Language of Leadership: How Leaders inspire
Action Through Narrative. Retrieved August
28, 2008,website:
http://www.stevedenning.com/communicatio
ns_viewpoint.html