Educational Policy &

Planning
Learner is able to explain:
 Change, Reformation and Innovation
 Plan & Planning
 Why Educational Planning (EP)
 The Importance of EP
EDUCATIONAL GOAL

THROUGH PUT
INPUT
(PROCESS)

OUTPUT
 Change, Reformation & Innovation
 What is Change?
 What is Reformation?
 What is Innovation?
 What is Change?
 Change happens when something evolves whether
physically or characteristically into a new form.
 We say water has changed when its colorless nature
becomes yellowish. Water has also changed when its
pleasant taste becomes sour.
 Likewise, change happens when a student improves
her/his academic performance.
 What is Change?
 Change happens naturally through biological evolution or
it can also happen as a result of planning.
 As humans, we want change, whether it occurs naturally
or intentionally, to benefit us.
 Therefore, we try our best to intentionally intervene
change by planning so that the probability of success that
the direction of change will benefit us is higher than if the
change had been a result of natural phenomena.
 What is Reformation?
 A planned change is called a reformation.
 The aim is to improve a situation or condition with
purposeful intervention.
 It involves five major domains; namely human,
location, economic, activity, and movement.
 Since its aim is to improve the overall situation,
mostly involving all five domains of change,
reformation has always been associated with radical,
holistic change.
 What is Reformation?

 Nevertheless, reformation differs in size. Though

reformation has always been associated with overhauling
the whole system or program, it can take the form of a
small planned change such as in the case of a teaching
and learning strategy in a classroom.
 It can also take the form of a major planned change such
as in the case of the Integrated Secondary School
Curriculum that has been implemented in all secondary
schools in Malaysia since 1988.
 What is Innovation?
 Innovation, on the other hand, is a “tool” of
reformation. It is used to carry out the reformation.
 It can be in the form of a “hard tool” like using the
computer and information and communication
technology in implementing the smart school
reformation.
 It can also be in the form of a “soft tool” such as in
the case of changing a teacher’s belief about smart
teaching.
 What is a Plan?
 Edward Banfield (1962):
‘A plan … is a decision with regard to a
course of action. A course of action is a
sequence of acts which are mutually related
as means and are therefore viewed as a unit:
it is the unit which is the plan.’
 What is Planning?
 Dror’s (1963):
‘The process of preparing a set of decisions
for action in the future, directed at achieving
goals by optimal means. It requires not only a
plan, but also feedback from the
implementation and decision making.’
 What is Planning?
 Ackoff, R. (1970):
‘Planning is a process that involves making and
evaluating each set of interrelated decisions before
action is required in a situation in which it is believed
that unless action is taken, a desired future state is
not likely to occur and that if appropriate action is
taken, the likelihood of a favorable outcome can be
increased.’
 Then, What is Planning?
 Planning is, in it narrowest scope, only
concerned with determining “what is to be
done” so that practical, detail implementation
decisions may be made later.
 It is a process for determining “where to go”
and identifying the requirements for getting
there in the most effective and efficient
manner possible.
 What is Educational Planning?
 Cecil E. Beeby (1967):
‘Educational planning is the exercising of foresight in
determining the policy, priorities and costs of an
educational system, having due regard for economic
and political realities, for the system’s potential for
growth, and for the needs of the country and of the
pupils served by the system.’
 What is Educational Planning?
 Robert McMeekin (1975):
‘Educational planning is the continuous
process of providing information to decision
makers on how well the education system is
accomplishing its goals and how the cost-
effectiveness of such accomplishment can be
improved.’
 Issue of Educational Planning
 Shirley (1987:7):
‘One of the greatest pains to human nature is
the pain of a new idea. It is, as common
people say, so ‘upsetting’. It makes you think
that after all, your favorite notions may be
wrong, your firmest beliefs ill-founded.’
 Why Educational Planning?
1. Demand pressure from population explosion
and the increasing change in peoples’
aspiration, especially due to external
pressures.
2. Out-of-date, old and complex educational
systems.
3. Limitation of educational resources.