Post Cold War

Course
1. End of History
2. Clash of Civilization
3. Terrorism
4. Globalization
5. Unipolarity
6. New world Order
 End of History
• Francis Fukuyama
• The “End of History” argument
• Philosophical and practical underpinnings of
the “End of History”
• Implications of this “End of History” to liberal
democracy
 Francis Fukuyama
• Social science professor/researcher
• Teaches at Johns Hopkins University and is
associated with the RAND Corporation
• Books include:
1. The End of History and the Last Man,
2. The Great Disruption,
3. Trust, and
4. Our Posthuman Future (etc).
 The “End of History” argument
• Period of political tension between the “First
World” Western Democracies and the “Second
World” Communist States
• It was fundamentally a war for influence (over
the “Third World”)
• Fukuyama’s claim: The end of the cold war
was not just the end of an era, but the end of
history itself.
 The End of History
• “…the end point of mankind’s ideological
evolution and the universalization of Western
liberal democracy as the final form of human
development.”
– Hence, it is an intellectual triumph: that is, its basic
principles have already been perfected and can go
unchallenged
– Liberal democracy arises as the “universal
homogenous state”
 Philosophical Bases

Marx
• Dialectical materialism: history progresses
according to material forces
• Establishment of a communist utopia would
be the end of history
• However, materialist explanations cannot
fully account for the entirety of human action
 Philosophical Bases
Hegel
• Hegelian dialectic: contradictions that drive
history exist in the realm of human consciousness
on the level of ideas
• The world is shaped in the likeness of these ideas
• Ideas = Ideology in its broadest sense
• History progresses to weed out the contradictions
in ideas
 Practical Bases
• In 1806, Hegel made the claim that Napoleon’s
victory marked the end of history
– The victory represented the universalization and
actualization of the principles of the French
revolution
– “Liberte, egalite, fraternite”
– As such, there was no more room for the
improvement of these principles
 Practical Bases
• Since then, numerous ideologies have arisen
that oppose the basic tenets of liberal
democracy
– Fascism
– Communism/Marxism
– Religious fundamentalism
– Nationalism/Ethnocentrism
• Yet none of these have been able to survive the
historical process
 Thus…
• “The state that emerges at the end of history is
liberal insofar as it recognizes and protects
through a system of law man’s universal right
to freedom, and democratic insofar as it exists
only with the consent of the governed.”
 Implications
• In what way has history “ended”?
– Only on the level of ideas
– There is no room for improving the principles of
liberal democracy nor for questioning them
• It still remains to extend these ideas and better
implement them
– The world will be divided into the “historical” and the
“post-historical”
– All states will become liberally democratic only in the
long term
 Implications
• With history at an end, the sole remaining
preoccupation for man will be to meet human
needs
– Economics, not politics, becomes man’s primary
pursuit
• Alternatively, it may be said that liberal
democracies have no “higher” ideals to offer
man
 The Clash of Civilizations
• The Clash of Civilizations
• Why Civilizations Clash
• The west vs. the rest
 The Clash of Civilizations
• Theory of Samuel Huntington.
• Huntington, a political scientist.
• The cultural and religious identities of people
will be the main cause of conflict from 1991
onward.
• Huntington identifies several “civilizations”
and claims that a person’s civilization is her or
her “highest rank of cultural identity.”
 The Clash of Civilizations
• Clash of civilization is a theory referencing the clash of
cultures. So the term civilization is therefore, “cultural
entity”.
• According to Huntington, civilizations distinguished
from other culture “by history, language, culture,
tradition and most important, religion”.
• Therefore, conflicts between civilizations are likely to
be caused by religious means.
• As a result, saw the clash between the Western culture
and Islam culture. To illustrate further, this clashes was
between the mainly secular view and religious view.
 Why Civilizations Clash
• Differences among civilizations are too basic
in that civilizations are differentiated from
each other by history, language, culture,
tradition, and, most important, religion.
• These fundamental differences are the product
of centuries, so they will not soon disappear.
 Why Civilizations Clash
• The world is becoming a smaller place. As a
result, the interactions across the world are
increasing, and they intensify civilization
consciousness and awareness of differences
between civilizations and commonalities
within civilizations.
 Why Civilizations Clash
• Due to the economic modernization and social
change, people are separated from
longstanding local identities.
• Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which
provides a basis for identity and commitment
that transcends national boundaries and unites
civilizations.
 Why Civilizations Clash
• The growth of civilization-consciousness is
enhanced by the dual role of the west. On the
one hand, the west is at a peak of power. At the
same time, a return to the roots phenomenon is
occurring among non-Western civilizations.
• A west at the peak of its power confronts non-
Western countries that increasingly have the
desire, the will and the resources to shape the
world in non-Western ways.
 Why Civilizations Clash
• Cultural characteristics and differences are less
mutable and hence less easily compromised
and resolved than political and economic ones.
• Economic regionalism is increasing.
Successful economic regionalism will
reinforce civilization-consciousness.
 The west vs. the rest
Most conflict will occur between Western
civilizations and everyone else. Huntington
argues that non-Western civilizations only have
three choices:
1. Try to isolate themselves, which is difficult.
2. Just accept Western culture.
3. Develop economic and military power and
cooperate with other non-Westerns to battle
Western influence.
 Terrorism
• Definitions of Terrorism
• Types of Terrorism
• Other Types of Terrorism
• Characteristics of Terrorism
• Influencing factor
• Causes of Terrorism
• Methods of Terrorism
• Purpose of Terrorism
• Prevention of Terrorism
• Solutions for Terrorism
 Definitions of Terrorism
• Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence
against person or Property to intimidate or coerce o
government, the civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”

F.B.I Definition
• "calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of
unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It is intended to
coerce or intimidate governments or societies ... [to
attain] political, religious, or ideological goals."

U.S. Army Manual

 Definitions of Terrorism
“Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force
designed to bring about political change.”
- Brian Jenkins

“Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of

force to achieve a political objective when
innocent people are targeted.”
- Walter Laqueur
 Types of Terrorism
• National Terrorism

• International Terrorism
 National Terrorism
• National Terrorism involves groups whose
terrorist activities are directed at elements of
our government without foreign involvement.
 International Terrorism
• International terrorism involves groups whose
terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or
directed by countries or groups outside the
United States.
• Sept. 11 is an example of International
Terrorism.
 Other Types of Terrorism
• State Terrorism
• Bio Terrorism
• Cyber Terrorism
• Eco Terrorism
• NuclearTerrorism
• Narco Terrorism
 State Terrorism

• State terrorism may refer to acts of terrorism

conducted by a state against a foreign state or
people.
• State terrorism refer to acts of violence by a
state against its own people.
• State terrorism is a system of political
domination based on the spreading of terror in
society.
 Bio Terrorism

• Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the

intentional release or dissemination of
biological agents. These agents are bacteria,
viruses, or toxins.
• Bioterrorism is the term used for terrorist
activities in which biological substances are
used to cause harm to other people.
Example: They can be contaminated water,
food, air and packages to create infection.
 Cyber Terrorism
• In this Terrorist use Information Technology to
attack civilians.
• In this Terrorist use Computer System and
Telecommunications as a tool to attack.
Example: The internet worms and viruses that
are designed to take down some of the systems
that the government uses.
 Eco Terrorism
• Eco terrorism is a recently coined term
describing violence in the interests of
environmentalism.
 NuclearTerrorism
• "Nuclear terrorism" refers to a number of
different ways nuclear materials might be
exploited as a terrorist tactic.
• Nuclear terrorism is any different way that
nuclear weapons might be used for terrorism.
Example: Use of Radioactive materials through
explosion. Use of nuclear reactor method.
 Narco Terrorism
• In Narco terrorism, terrorists making,
transporting, and selling illegal drugs to fund
terrorists activities.
• Narco terrorism has denoted violence used by
drug traffickers to influence governments or
prevent government efforts to stop the drug
trade.
Example: Making, transporting, and selling
illegal drugs to fund terrorists activities.
 Characteristics of Terrorism
• It is exercised by organized groups
• It is inspired by Political Motive
• Use of Violence is intended to arouse fright or
alarm
• There is systematic and indiscriminate use of
violence and breach of Law
 Causes 0f Terrorism
1. Injustice
2. Politicians
3. Poverty and Illiteracy
4. Media ( Controlled By Politicians)
5. Religious causes
 Methods of Terrorism
• Firearms
• Explosive and Incendiary Devices
• Chemical Agents
• Biological Agents
• Nuclear Weapon
 Purpose of Terrorism
• Fear
• Panic
• Disruption
• Demoralization
• Intimidation
• Embarrass Government
• Media Attention
 Prevention of Terrorism
• Primary Prevention

• Secondary Prevention

• Tertiary Prevention
 Primary Prevention
– Education!!!
– Understand the differences in cultures,
religions, beliefs and human behaviors
– Think of the peace, freedom and equality of
all human beings, not just “my group of
people”
– Eliminate the root of terrorism
 Secondary Prevention
– Establish surveillance and monitoring
system on terrorism attack
– Improve protective system for citizens
 Tertiary Prevention
– Early detection of the sources
– Prevent the extension of impairments
– Rescue the survivors
– Console the rest of the population
 Solutions for Terrorism
• Remove Poverty
• Justice
• Dealing with media
• Improving international behavior
 Globalization
• Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technology.
 IMF identified four basic aspects of
globalization:
• Trade and transactions
• Capital and investment Movements
• Migration and Movement of People
• Dissemination of Knowledge
 History of Globalization
• Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of
years, people—and, later, corporations—have been
buying from and selling to each other in lands at great
distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across
Central Asia that connected China and Europe during
the Middle Ages.
• Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have
invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many
of the features of the current wave of globalization are
similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the
First World War in 1914.
 History of Globalization
• An early form of globalized economics and
culture, known as archaic globalization, existed
during the Hellenistic Age, when commercialized
urban centers were focused around the axis of
Greek culture over a wide range that stretched
from India to Spain, with such cities
as Alexandria, Athens, and Antioch at its center.
• Trade was widespread during that period, and it is
the first time the idea of a cosmopolitan culture
 History of Globalization
• In the years since the Second World War many
governments have adopted free-market economic
systems, vastly increasing their own productive
potential and creating new opportunities for
international trade and investment.
• Governments also have negotiated dramatic
reductions in barriers to commerce and have
established international agreements to promote
trade in goods, services, and investment.
 History of Globalization
• The Islamic Golden Age was also an important early
stage of globalization, when Jewish and Muslim
traders and explorers established a sustained economy
across the Old World resulting in a globalization of
crops, trade, knowledge and technology.
• Globally significant crops such
as sugar and cotton became widely cultivated across
the Muslim world in this period, while the necessity of
learning Arabic and completing the Hajj created a
cosmopolitan culture.
 History of Globalization
• Taking advantage of new opportunities in
foreign markets, corporations have built
foreign factories and established production
and marketing arrangements with foreign
partners.
• A defining feature of globalization, therefore,
is an international industrial and financial
business structure
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
1. The proponents of global free trade say that it
promotes global economic growth, creates
jobs, makes companies more competitive, and
lowers prices for consumers. It also provides
poor countries, through infusions of foreign
capital and technology, with the chance to
develop economically and by spreading
prosperity creates the conditions in which
democracy and respect for human rights may
flourish.
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
2. According to libertarians, globalization will help
us to raise the global economy only when the
involved power blocks have mutual trust and
respect for each other’s opinion. Globalization
and democracy should go hand-in-hand. It should
be pure business with no colonialist designs.
3. Now there is a worldwide market for companies
and consumers to access products from different
countries
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
4. Anti-globalists also claim that globalization is not
working for the majority of the world. During the
most recent period of rapid growth in global trade
and investment, 1960 to 1998, inequality
worsened both internationally and within
countries. The UN Development Program reports
that the richest 20 percent of the world's
population consume 86 percent of the world's
resources, while the poorest 80 percent consume
just 14 percent.
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
5. Some experts think that globalization is also leading to
the incursion of communicable diseases. Deadly
diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to
the remotest corners of the globe.
6. Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners
and child workers are used to work in inhumane
conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce
cheap goods. There is also an increase in human
trafficking.
7. Social welfare schemes or “safety nets” are under great
pressure in developed countries because of deficits and
other economic ramifications of globalization.
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
1. The proponents of global free trade say that it
promotes global economic growth, creates
jobs, makes companies more competitive, and
lowers prices for consumers. It also provides
poor countries, through infusions of foreign
capital and technology, with the chance to
develop economically and by spreading
prosperity creates the conditions in which
democracy and respect for human rights may
flourish.
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
2. According to libertarians, globalization will
help us to raise the global economy only when
the involved power blocks have mutual trust
and respect for each other’s opinion.
Globalization and democracy should go hand-
in-hand. It should be pure business with no
colonialist designs.
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
3.Now there is a worldwide market for
companies and consumers to access products
from different countries.
4. There is a world power that is being created
gradually, instead of compartmentalized power
sectors. Politics are merging and decisions that
are being made are actually beneficial for
people all over the world.
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
5 There is more influx of information between
two countries.
6. There is cultural intermingling. Each country
is learning more about other cultures.
7. Since we share financial interests,
corporations and governments are trying to
sort out ecological problems for each other.
 Pros & Cons of Globalization
8. Socially we have become more open and
tolerant towards each other, and people who
live in the other part of the world are not
considered aliens.
9. Most people see speedy travel, mass
communications and quick dissemination of
information through the Internet as benefits of
globalization
 Unipolarity
• Polarity in international relations is any of the various
ways in which power is distributed within the
international system.
• It describes the nature of the international system at any
given period of time. One generally distinguishes four
types of systems:
• unipolarity, bipolarity, tripolarity,and multipolarity
• for four or more centers of power. The type of system is
completely dependent on the distribution of power and
influence of states in a region or globally.
 Unipolarity
• Unipolarity is anarchical. Anarchy results from
the incomplete power preponderance of the
unipole.
• Kenneth Waltz argues that a great power cannot
“exert a positive control everywhere in the
world.”
• Therefore, relatively weaker countries have the
freedom to pursue policy preferences independent
of the unipolar. The power projection limitations
of the unipole is a distinguishing characteristic
between unipolar and hegemonic systems
 Unipolarity
• Unipolar systems possess only one great
power and face no competition. If a competitor
emerges, the international system is no longer
unipolar. Kenneth Walt's maintains that the
United States is the only “pole” to possess
global interests
 Unipolarity leads to peace
• No hegemonic rivalry
• International institutions and hegemonic self-
restraint
• Social foundations of hegemony
 Unipolarity
• Even though the superpower can restrain the
development, at least in the short run, the
power will eventually be weakened as a
consequence of dominating other states.
• The USA has as an example, tried to clinch
hegemonic power by keeping 100,000 troops
stationed in Asia and Europe. By guaranteeing
the safety of its allies, the USA has subdued
the need for security for other states.
 Conclusion
• The multipolar system was less stable than the bipolar,
and resulted in two world wars. The bipolar era meant
more stable international politics due to the dominance
of the USA and the Soviet Union. The transition to
today’s unipolar power structure has brought major
changes to world politics, with the USA emerging as
the sole superpower. The total number of armed
conflicts has decreased, despite the increase in number
of terror attacks. However, it can be argued that the
world could again become militarily multipolar, with
China and Russia as possible challengers to U.S.
hegemonic dominance.
 New world Order
• The emergence of US as a sole superpower
after the end of Cold War.
• This word was used by president Bush in
1992.
• It was an indication of Unipolirity
• During the last 25 years after the end of Cold
War USA has acted Unilaterally and
Multilaterally depending on the party in
Power.
 New world Order
• US scholars divided the Globe into seven regions
and selected an actor in each region.
• These regions are
– Europe - France and Germany
– South Asia-India
– Far East - Japan
– Africa - South Africa
– Middle East - Israel
– Americas - USA
– Australia - Australia
 New World Disorder
• It means that as a sole superpower USA would
support both the parties to the conflict – one
directly and the other indirectly by aggravating
the problem to the maximum and creating a
situation where both the parties would request
the USA to intervene and resolve the problem.
In this way both the parties and countries in
the region would be obliged to the USA and
hence its hegemony.