Topic 7

Industrial
Hygiene
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 By the end of this topic, you should be
able to:
1. Describe industrial hygiene and the role of
an industrial hygienist in preventing
occupational illnesses;
2. Describe the environmental factors which
may cause adverse health effects;
3. Describe the four modes of entry for
contaminants;
4. Explain exposure monitoring; and
5. Explain exposure guidelines.
 7.1 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
 Industrial hygiene is about:
 Anticipating (jangkaan),
 Recognising (mengenalpasti),
 Evaluating (menilai) and
 Controlling (mengawal)
 workplace conditions which may cause injury
or illness to workers.
 Industrial hygienists use environmental
monitoring and analytical methods to detect
the extent of worker exposure and employ
engineering, work practice controls and other
methods to control potential health hazards.
 7.1.1 Preventing Occupational Illnesses

 OSHA 1994 specifies that the employer is

responsible, as far as practicable, to take
the necessary measures to prevent
occupational illnesses.
 Employers are required to safeguard the
workers’ health by implementing
programmes in industrial hygiene and
occupational health.
 Prevention of occupational illnesses
programmes should include:
 (a) Collective agreements in incorporating
the prevention of occupational illness,
according to laws, regulations, industry
code of practice and guidelines;
 (b) Proper mechanism of occupational
illness inspection and audit systems;
 (c) Effective occupational deceases data
collection and systematic data analysis ;
 Prevention of occupational illnesses
programmes should include:
 (d) Employer and employees cooperation
or their representatives in the
implementation of occupational illness
control measures;
 (e) The provision of occupational health
services; and
 (f) Dissemination of occupational decease
information for prevention and training .
 7.1.1 Preventing Occupational Illnesses

 The industrial hygienist must anticipate and

recognise workplace environmental
factors or stressors which may affect the
health and well-being of workers.
 Then the factors evaluated to determine
exposure levels and its effects to the
health of employees.
 Suitable control measures can then be
developed to control the hazards.
 7.1.1 Preventing Occupational Illnesses

 An industrial hygienist must be well-versed

fields:
 Chemistry; Biological sciences; and
Engineering.
 Knowledge on health effects caused by
exposures to chemical, biological and
physical agents
 aware of the suitable methods to detect
exposure and the practical methods for
controlling the exposure
 adequate training in environmental sampling
and analytical methods
 7.1.1 Preventing Occupational Illnesses

 The scope of an industrial hygienist

includes:
 Identifying potential risk factors;
 Evaluating potential risks;
 Implementing environmental sampling; and
 Developing specific control measures.
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

•Infectious disease
•Affects immune
system
•Causes death
•Respiratory diseases
•Dermatitis
• affects organs,
tissues and cells
7.3 MODES OF ENTRY FOR CONTAMINANTS
(POISON)

Inhaled Swallowed
Cleaning Drain
Fluids Cleaners

Sprays Rat
Poison

Absorbed Injected
Spiders
Plants Snakes

Insecticide

Household Drugs
Cleaners
7.3 MODES OF ENTRY FOR CONTAMINANTS
 Forms of Airborne Contaminants
 Airborne Contaminants:
 Gases: Fluids in no exact form, but occupy the

space or enclosure in which they are confined.

Example: carbon monoxide from exhaust pipe.
 Vapours: Volatile form of solid or liquid present

in air through evaporation process at room

temperature and pressure. Example: solvents
with low boiling points such as acetone.
 Aerosols: Liquid droplets or solid particulate

dispersed in air. Example: aerosol from spray

painting.
 Particulates
 Dusts: airborne solid particles (0.1 to 150
micron) generated by handling, crushing,
grinding, rapid impact, blasting and shaking
materials.
 Some dusts cause damage to the lung tissue,
irritation or allergic reactions. Some cause skin
disease, poisoning or even cancer.
 Fumes: airborne solid particles (less than 1
micron) formed when volatilised material from
welding, metalising and other operations
condenses in cool air. Fumes are easily inhaled
due to their small size. Example: fumes from
lead soldering.
 Particulates
 Fibres: airborne solid particles (slender and
elongated shaped, in varying sizes) generated
from activities such as mining, product
manufacturing, fabrication and
construction/demolition operations. Example:
asbestos fibre from roof dismantling.
 Mists: suspended liquid droplets
(microscopic sizes) generated by agitating liquid
into a dispersed state, such as spraying.
Example: mist from pesticide spray.
 Mists: enter the body by inhalation
and cause problems in the lungs and
respiratory system
 7.4 EXPOSURE MONITORING
 Sampling to identify the contaminants.
There are two sampling methods:
 Direct reading results are immediate.
(Example: air pump fixed with detector tubes);
and
 Laboratory sampling provides more
accurate results.
 you must ensure the instruments are
properly calibrated.
 Example: Sampling Gases and
Vapors
1. Sorbent Tubes
2. Passive Samplers
3. Impingers
4. Grab Samples
Sorbent Tubes
Direct-Reading, Multi-Function Gas Meter
 7.4 EXPOSURE MONITORING
 Results from the monitoring
are used to select the most
effective PPE for workers.
 More monitoring required
from time to time because
exposures can vary from
time to time.
 As a baseline, you need to
conduct monitoring for each
type of job.
(Air sampler)
 Example: Heat and cold
 Extremes of heat and cold are harmful to
the human body. This is experienced as
follows:
 Below 12oC - Uncomfortably cold
 Below 20 oC- Cold
 24 - 30 oC - Comfortable
 Above 38 oC - uncomfortably hot
 Above 42 oC - Intolerably hot
 Factors Affecting Exposure Levels
 Factors Affecting Exposure Levels:
 Location: Different work areas have
different concentrations of contaminants
 Task: Different natures of jobs have
different levels of exposures
 Surrounding: Exposure levels vary
depending on working outdoor or indoor
 Situation: Exposure levels go up when
there are spills or leaks
Factors Affecting Exposure Levels
 Air monitoring must be done
periodically to make sure you have
the right control measures in place
throughout the activities.
 However, certain contaminants will
require frequent and continuous
monitoring, such as lead.
 Area Monitoring and Personal Monitoring
 Area monitoring:
 Specific to location
 Used for collecting background levels
 Used for studying the movement of
contaminants
 Area Monitoring and Personal Monitoring
 Personal monitoring
 Specific to the worker
 Taken in the worker's breathing zone
 Used to determine a worker's exposure level
 Done on a specified period of time, normally
8-hour timeweighted average (TWA)
Factors Affecting Exposure Levels

 Your monitoring strategies should include

area and personal monitoring, so that
you can establish a good profile of the
contaminants.
 When you carry out personal monitoring,
you should select workers expected to
have the highest exposure.
Factors Affecting Exposure Levels
 IDLH: immediately dangerous to life or health
 sampling is done considering worst-case
conditions.
 An example of IDLH sampling is checking for
gases in confined space.
 Industrial hygienist interprets the results of
measurements and matching the data to the
workplace conditions.
 Then,use his or her skill and judgment to decide if
the specific work area is safe or unsafe.
 Terms Used to Describe Exposure Levels
 ppm: Parts per million parts of contaminated air
on a volumetric basis
 To express the concentration of gas or vapour
 mg/m3: Milligrams of a substance per cubic
meter of air.
 To express the concentration of dusts, metal fumes in
the air
 f/cc: Number of fibres per cubic centimetre of air
 To express the concentration of airborne fibres
 Determined the concentration and compare
those with the allowable limits.
 7.5 EXPOSURE GUIDELINES

 The limits of exposure are known as Threshold

Limit Values (TLVs).
 These are the limits for air contaminants’
concentration that workers may be exposed to
during their normal working period without
causing adverse health effect.
 You can find these TLVs for most of the
chemicals in the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) list
of TLVs.
 However, the limits specified are just guidelines,
and not for legal compliance.
 Categories of Threshold Limit
Values (TLVs)
 Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA):
 Average concentration at which workers may
be exposed for a normal 8-hour workday
 Concentration above and below the limit are
balanced up during workday
 Categories of Threshold Limit
Values (TLVs)
 Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL):
 Highest concentration above 8- hour TWA to
which workers can be exposed to for a short
period of time (15 minutes)
 Concentration which should not be exceeded
and should not occur more than four times
during workday, with at least a 60-minute
interval in between
 Categories of Threshold Limit
Values (TLVs)
 Ceiling (TLV-C):
 Concentration that should not be exceeded
even for a short period of time
 To control fast acting chemicals or gases that
may cause serious health effects
 7.5 EXPOSURE GUIDELINES
 In Malaysia, the Factories and
Machineries Act (FMA) 1967 and OSHA
1994 have various regulations that specify
the exposure limits, as follows:
 Lead regulation;
 Asbestos;
 Mineral dust; and
 USECHH.
 Example: Noise

Permissible levels of noise in the work environment

are asoffollows:
Hours Noise Level,
exposure Decibels
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 115
 Topic 8
Intervention,
Controls and
Prevention
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
 Explain employer obligations in workplace safety as
per the national Occupational Safety and Health Act,
1995;
 Describe the three terms used in conjunction with
minimum legal requirements in safety and health;
 Explain engineering controls and how hazards can be
controlled through engineering controls;
 Describe the role of employers and employees in
administrative controls; and
 Explain the importance of hazards controls ranking.
 INTRODUCTION
 Prevention is better than cure
 identify our health risks and take precautions
to control or eliminate these risks.
 control or elimination of risks at working place.
 Financial loss and other negative impacts can
be minimised through risk identification and
either through control or elimination
measures.
8.1 HAZARD CONTROL AND REVENTION
 Under the Malaysian OSHA 1994, Section
15, employers must protect their employees
from injuries and illnesses due to:
 Machinery;
 Work procedures;
 Hazardous materials; and
 Physical works.
 Employers must strive to eliminate or at
least minimise risk to employees.
 8.1 HAZARD CONTROL AND
PREVENTION
 “So far as is reasonably practicable”
 “means that the degree of risk in a particular
activity or environment can be balanced again
the time, trouble, cost and physical difficulty of
taking measures to avoid the risk”.
8.1 HAZARD CONTROL AND PREVENTION
 “So far as is practicable”
 “...embraces whatever is technically possible in light of
current knowledge, with the person concerned had or ought
to have had at the time. The cost, time and trouble involved
are not to be taken into account”
 Eg. the plant is so designed and constructed as to be safe

and without risks to health when properly used (Sec.15(a));

 Eg. place of work under the control of the employer or self-

employed person, the maintenance of it in a condition that is

safe and without risks to health (sec.15)
 This is a stricter requirement than “so far as is reasonably
practicable”.
 8.1 HAZARD CONTROL AND
PREVENTION
 Terms Used in Minimum Legal
Requirements:
 “Best practicable means”
 “...it is usual for the regulating authority to
indicate its view of what is practicable in notes or
even agreements with particular firms or
industries”.
 Of course, any agreement or notes will likely
be used in the court where cost and
technical practicability consideration can
influence the court.
 Hazard Control
 Definition: Control is the
elimination or
inactivation of a hazard in a manner
such that the hazard does not pose a risk
to workers who have to enter into an area
or work on equipment in the course of
scheduled work.
 Hazard Control
 A hazard control program: to protect workers
from exposure, and the procedures required to
monitor worker exposure and their health to
hazards such as chemicals, materials or
substance, or other types such as noise and
vibration.
 A written workplace hazard control program
should outline which methods are being used to
control the exposure and how these controls will
be monitored for effectiveness.
 Hazard Control
 Selecting an appropriate control is not always
easy.
 It often involves doing a risk assessment to
evaluate and prioritize the hazards and risks. In
addition, both "normal" and any potential or
unusual situations must be studied.
 Each program should be specially designed to
suit the needs of the individual workplace.
 Selecting a suitable control
 Selecting a control often involves:–
a. evaluating and selecting short and long
term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to
protect workers until permanent controls can
be put in place; and
c. implementing long term controls when
reasonably practicable.
 Selecting a suitable control

 For example, suppose a noise hazard is

identified:
 Short-term controls might require workers
to use hearing protection.
 Long term, permanent controls might
remove or isolate the noise source.
 LOCATION OF THE CONTROLS USED
 At the source (where the hazard “comes from”)
Method of control: Substitution, enclosure, isolation, process modification,
local exhaust ventilation and fugitive emission control.
 Along the path (where the hazard “travels”)
Method of control: Automation or remote control, general ventilation, dilution
ventilation, continuous area monitoring and housekeeping.
 At the worker
Method of control: Enclosure of worker, personal monitoring, training and
education, worker rotation, personal protective devices.
Hierarchy of the risk control principles
8.2 ENGINEERING CONTROLS
 8.2 ENGINEERING CONTROLS
 Engineering controls can be implemented if
the hazards are foreseen at the early
stages especially during the design or
planning stage.
 We can design the workplace in such a
way that every safety aspects are taken
into account.
 We can also purchase equipment with
engineering controls.
 Look for vendors or contractors who are
able to meet your safety needs.
 8.2 ENGINEERING CONTROLS
 Awareness devices such as alarms and
sensors may be used as a way to
enhance hazard control in engineering
control.
 These devices will alert the workers once
danger is detected.
 For example, a gas alarm detector system
for toxic gases can be used to alert
workers on a potential gas leak.
 8.3 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
 Specific training and education for employees for
handling special tasks or jobs;
 Shift works schedule; and
 Job rotation among workers.
 Ensuring that workers wear PPEs at
the workplace
 Put up safety signage
 Dev. SOP
 Housekeeping program
 Maintenance of equipment
 8.3 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
 The wearing of PPEs should be enforced together
with other hazards control measures since even
though PPEs are worn:
 The hazard still exists;
 Protection is limited to only those who wear PPEs;
 PPEs can interfere with work and limit workers’ ability to
perform their task.
 The management of an organisation needs to
balance between engineering controls and
administrative controls
8.4 RANKING HAZARD CONTROLS
 8.5 HAZARD CONTROL SUMMARY
 Hazard controls can be human independent or
human dependant.
 Some hazard controls can minimise hazards
without relying on workers, such as protective
guards and local exhaust ventilation.
 The successfulness of administrative controls
depends on the workers to follow instructions
 ensure that the best and practical hazard
controls are implemented.
 It will also prevent unwanted incidents and thus
affecting operations.
 Topic 9
Accident
Prevention
Techniques
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

 Describe Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) as an

accident prevention technique;

 Describe Job Safety Observation (JSO) as an

accident prevention technique;

 Describe Prevention Maintenance Programme

(PMP) as an accident prevention technique; and

 Describe Special Emphasis Programme (SEP)

as an accident prevention technique.

 Introduction

 Accident prevention programme improve

safety performance and prevent loss.
 Contribute high productivity and work
quality; work process better organised.
 Costly corrective measures when accident
occur.
 Tools/technique preventing accident: JHA,
JSO, PMP and SEP.
 Criteria for an effective of
accident preventions program
 Management and workers must cooperate .
 Top management must take the lead .
 There must be a definite and known safety
policy
 The organisation and resources to
implement policy.
 The best available knowledge and methods
must be applied
 9.1 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
 Steps in preparing a JHA.
 9.1 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)
 Prioritise the jobs with the greatest
accident potential (jobs with the highest
risks) :
 Frequency of accident occurring in the

area;
 Severity of the accident that has occurred;

 Past experience, lesson learned and

professional judgment; and

 Newly created jobs , non-routine jobs or

changes done to the jobs.

 9.1 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)

Develop a worksheet listing of the hazards

and the safe work procedures for each step
of the job. See the example in Table 9.3
(page 155)
 9.1 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)
 We can better manage these high-risk
activities if we have the SOP, or step-by
step checklist, especially when:
 A new or experienced worker performs a job
for the first time;
 An experienced worker performs a job that
he or she has not done recently;
 An experienced worker performs a job in a
different place or setting; and
 A new equipment or material is introduced
into the work process.
 9.2 JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION (JSO)
 The aim is to identify the potential
hazards through observations.
 You may recall that hazards can be from
human or environmental factors in other
words unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.
 Need to conduct safety inspections, audits
and observations because these activities
are the key to accident prevention.
 9.2 JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION (JSO)
 You should be aware that the activities
serve different purposes:
 Safety observation observe worker and

detect unsafe acts

 Safety audit verify implementation of

written safety procedures; and

 Safety inspection check work area and

equipment to detect unsafe conditions.

 9.2 JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION (JSO)
 To establish a good JSO programme, you must
ensure that the following are established:
 A well-defined goal and objectives for JSO;

 A written JSO procedure approved by management;

 A complete JHA for every type of jobs to be

observed;
 A documented SOP detailing step-by-step safe job

procedures; and
 A competent pool of observers trained on the

required procedures.
 9.2 JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION (JSO)
Advise the management or OSH committee to come
up with guidelines for implementation which should
state:

• How to select a job or task for JSO;

• How to prepare for a planned JSO;
• How to use a checklist to observe unsafe practices;
• Employees' role in the observation process;
• Post-observation activities; and
• How to deal with unsafe behaviour.
 9.2 JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION (JSO)

 plan and schedule JSO as an ongoing

programme, and not make it as an
occasional event.
 In JSO process, we address any unsafe
practices and safety violations committed
by the workers
 Checklist needed to guide job safety
observation process. (See Figure 9.5 page 160,
example of JSO)
9.2 JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION
(JSO)
 JSO focuses on human factor and
examine unsafe act or behaviours (that
need to be corrected)
 9.3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
PROGRAMME (PMP)
 PMP normally scheduled on a daily, weekly,
monthly or yearly basis and use inspection
checklists.
 PMP can be considered as an accident
prevention tool, as equipment failures are
minimised, therefore reducing the potentially
unsafe conditions.
 Poorly maintained equipment and buildings can
create unsafe working conditions (i.e. accident).
 9.3 PMP
 PMP leads to:
 Improved equipment efficiency;
 Improved attitudes toward safety;
 Higher degree of safety ownership; and
 Lower chances of incidents from happening.

 All equipments must be regularly and properly

maintained as recommended by the manufacturer.
 All machine operators conduct daily inspections to
detect defects
 Procedures in the PMP will also dictate if repair is
required before the equipment is released for
operations.
 9.3 PMP
 The effectiveness and the proper functioning of
a PMP depends on:
 The supervisors and operators who operate the
machines/equipment/tools;
 The group of people responsible for preventive
maintenance;
 The system to respond to equipment hazards; and
 The leadership of the organisation.
 Unsafe conditions: machine deficiencies,
machinery defects and equipment hazards are
cause of machinery accidents.
 9.3 PMP
 Component failures can also contribute to accidents.
 PMP include these important tasks:
 Inspect components for signs of deterioration;
 Put specific focus on components that cannot be easily
observed; and
 Check vehicle’s condition for safe operation (before and
after).
 PMP also must include responsibility and safety
expectations
 When implementing PMP, it is important to have
checklists and reports.
 9.4 SPECIAL EMPHASIS
PROGRAMME (SEP)
 SEP used to address high-risk activities so that
accidents, fatalities and severe injuries can be
avoided.
 SEP focuses specifically on one particular
hazard to achieve the desired safe work
performance.
 You can develop a programme for a specific
hazard such as ladder safety, hand safety, back
injuries prevention, electrical safety, etc.
 9.4 SPECIAL EMPHASIS
PROGRAMME (SEP)
 SEP should document and contain these
seven key elements:
 Purpose and objectives;
 Step-by-step procedures;
 List of identified equipment used;
 Checklist, signage, tags or stickers;
 Inspection and auditing frequency;
 Indicators that track the implementation; and
 Rewards/penalties for safe work performance.
9.4 SEP
 9.4 SPECIAL EMPHASIS
PROGRAMME (SEP)
 Setting of SEP can help SHO be
proactive in identifying unsafe acts and
conditions and prevent undesirable
incidents.
Topic 10
Safety and
Health
Training
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Bythe end of this topic, you should be
able to:
1. Describe the importance of training and
education in occupational safety and health;
2. List the factors to be considered in deciding
when to train;
3. Describe the OHSA Training Model;
4. Compare the difference in training
programmes for employee level and for
supervisor/middle management level; and
5. Explain the importance of documenting
training records.
Safety and Health Training
 Introduction
 Training: under administrative control
 Important of training:
 Provide specific knowledge
 Provide specific skills
 Minimise hazard
 Minimise accident
 Improve SOP
 Improve OSH overall
 Etc….
10.1 TRAINING AND EDUCATION
 The purposes of training are to provide new
knowledge or skills and upgrade current
knowledge or skills.
 Training and education should be part of the
management’s commitment to ensure workers
are aware and well trained in safety and health
matters.
 Workers should be made aware of how
important their role is in ensuring workplace
safety and health
10.1 TRAINING AND EDUCATION
 Among the reasons for training and
education are:
 To train workers who had not been trained
earlier;
 To train workers who are new to a job or task;
and
 To upgrade skills.
 Workers who are not trained to perform
their work safely will become a workplace
hazard
 10.2 WHEN TO TRAIN
 set training objectives clearly
 factors to consider when deciding when to train employees:
Target groups when considering when to
train employees
10.3 THE OHSA TRAINING MODEL
 Steps 1: Determine if training is needed
 Description:
 Identify whether the training is needed? or not and
if the problem can be solved through training?.
 Training can effectively address problems that
arise due to:
1. lack of knowledge in work process;
2. machine unfamiliarity; and
3. incorrect execution of task.
 Training is the most effective when designed to
suit the company’s commitment and goals to
ensure the workplace is safe and healthy.
10.3 THE OHSA TRAINING MODEL
 Steps 2: Identify training needs
 Description:
 The best method is by determining the employees’
safety and health knowledge, or the skills they
need to deliver their job.
 Consider the following when identifying training
needs:
1. Company’s accidents and injuries database;
2. Employees feedback / inputs;
3. Observe employees performing their tasks;
4. Benchmark or survey similar training offered by other
companies in the same industry; or
5. Get suggestions from the enforcement bodies or
consultants.
10.3 THE OHSA TRAINING MODEL
 Steps 3: Identify goals and objectives
 Description:
 The goals and objectives of training should be in
line with the company’s commitment and policy
towards Safety and Health.
 Setting the training goals and objectives can help
to minimise unnecessary training and suit the
training to meet the needs of the employee and
the tasks.
 The objectives and goals should be clear and
measurable to ensure the results are tangible.
10.3 THE OHSA TRAINING MODEL
 Steps 4: Develop learning activities
 Description:
 Identify training methods and materials.
 The training activities and actual task gap
should be as close as possible to ensure
the objective of the training meets the
employees’ needs.
10.3 THE OHSA TRAINING MODEL
 Steps 5: Conduct the training
 Description:
 Execute the training as planned.
 The training should be presented and
communicated clearly to employees.
 Factors to consider:
1. Frequency of training;
2. Length of the training;
3. Location or venue of the training; and
4. The trainer.
10.3 THE OHSA TRAINING MODEL
 Steps 6: Evaluate programme
effectiveness
 Description:
 Training evaluation methods include:
1. Questionnaires;
2. Observation by supervisors; and
3. Improvements at the workplace.
10.3 THE OHSA TRAINING MODEL
 Steps 7: Improve the programme
 Description:
 The outcome of the evaluation will be used to
improve the training.
 Improvements which can be made include:
1. Improve the training material and methods;
2. Determine if anything is missing in the training
programme;
3. Determine if the training achieve its objectives and
goals; and
4. Determine if employees were motivated by the training.
 10.4 TRAINING NEW EMPLOYEES AND
SUPERVISORS

 Employees are generally categorised into three

different levels of training:
 Employee level including newly hired and experienced
workers;
 Middle management such as supervisor and managers;
and
 Top management those in authority and who are
decision makers in the organisation.
 Induction programmes for all newly hired
employees, covering standard topics such as
those summarised in Table 10.2 (page 175)
 10.4 TRAINING NEW EMPLOYEES
AND SUPERVISORS
 Training programmes for supervisors and
middle management will involve:
 Safety legal requirements
 Building safety attitudes and culture
 Communication on safe work practices
 Other management level of safety training for
business sustainability
 10.5 DOCUMENTING SAFETY AND
HEALTH TRAINING
 All trainings must recorded and documented.
Documents should be easily retrieved for audit
or inspection.
 Legal requirements also require that all safety
and health training be properly documented.
 Training records are normally kept in the
personal files of employees, with the following
details:
 Employee name, employee number and identification
card number;
 Training attended;
 Length of training; and
 Instructor.