Global Diversity Patterns and Loss of Biodiversity

BIODIVERSITY AND
SUSTAINABLE FOOD
SYSTEM
z
z
SUBTOPICS
 UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL
DIVERSITY
 URBANIZATION
 MEASURING DIVERSITY
z
bi·o·di·ver·si·ty
 noun
 the variety of life in the world
or in a particular habitat or
ecosystem.
z
• Refers to the numbers, variety and variability of living

organisms and ecosystem
• Includes all terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
organism
• Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms
within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire land

z
Global biodiversity
 is the measure of biodiversity on
planet Earth and is defined as the total
variability of life forms.
 Estimates on the number of Earth's current
species range from 2 million to 1012,[4] of which
about 1.74 million have been databased thus
far[5] and over 80 percent have not yet been
described.
z
 Global biodiversity is affected

by extinction and speciation.
 Biodiversity has grown and shrunk in
earth's past due to (presumably)
abiotic factors such as extinction
events caused by geologically rapid
changes in climate.
z
 is about understanding the

differences that exist within
and between different
countries as well as
understanding one's
own environment (Gundling
& Zanchettin, 2007).
Global Patterns of Biodiversity
• main factors determining species richness
• also increased with the need to understand how

biodiversity might change
– under different scenarios of global climate change
jitenderanduat@gmail.com
Global biodiversity
•
hotspots
is a region with a high level of endemic species.
• Hotspots were first named in 1988 by Dr. Sabina V.
• To qualify as a hotspot, an area must hold at least 1500 endemic

species
– Brazil's Atlantic Forest is containing roughly 20,000 plant

species &1,350 vertebrates etc
• ! All 34 hotspots contain 50% plant species, 42% terrestrial

vertebrates.
• ! Hotspots cover 15.7% of the land surface.
• ! Intact hotspot habitat equals
2.5 of the total land surface.
Major biodiversity threats
• Habitat destruction
• Overexploitation
• Deforestation
• Anthropogenic climate change
• Bioaccumulation and Synergetic effects etc..
Habitat
Habitat = Address or home of an
•“the place organism
where it lives”
• Term
coined by
Elton in
1927.
• Habitat loss and degradation
– Destruction of biodiversity rich areas like
tropical forests.
– Destruction of coral reefs and Wetlands.
– Ploughing of grasslands.
– Aquatic ecosystem is threatened.
– Pollution of freshwater streams, lakes, and

marine habitats. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
Habitat loss and
degradation
Most pervasive threat-
Impacting 86% of threatened
mammals, 86% of threatened
birds and
88% of threatened amphibians

Habitat loss and degradation is the greatest threat to
global diversity among
mammals, birds, amphibians, and gymnosperms
Threats to Reefs
10% of the coral reefs around the world are already dead.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the clearing of trees off an area of land.
It includes any forestry practice that results in a long-term
land use change.
•Types of change:
•–Forest -agriculture
•–Forest -human settlements
•–Forest -non-forest uses e.g.,
urban, industrial, livestock, etc.
DESERTIFICATION
Estimated DEFORESTED areas(brown) vs.
Remaining Forested areas (green)
Overexploitation
33% of mammals and 30% of birds

are affected by overexploitation
Invasive are affecting 67%

of threatened birds on
islands
Pollution
29% of amphibians are affected by pollution and
17% by disease
What groups are in endangered?
Current Pattern of Global
Endangerment
Why are we losing
biodiversity?
• INCREASING
POPULATION
• INCREASING USE OF
FINITE RESOURCES
• INCREASING POLLUTION
Impact of loss of Biodiversity
• Increased vulnerability of species
extinction
• Ecological imbalance
• Reduced sources of food, structural

materials, medicinal and genetic
resources
• Cost increase to the society

Solutions will include
– Establishing protected areas
– Targeted interventions at the genetic,

–
– species, and ecosystems levels
– Restoration of damaged ecosystems
– Recovery of endangered species
– Creation of sustainable forms of development

z
ur·ban·i·za·tion
 noun
 the process of making an
area more urban.
z
 Urbanization is a word for

becoming more like a city.
 When populations of people
grow, the population of a place
may spill over from city to nearby
areas. This is called
urbanization.
z Impacts of Urbanisation
 Although people are pulled towards

the advantages of cities, the
impacts of urbanisation are mixed.
First we will look at the many
positive impacts of urbanisation
before going on to describe some of
the challenges created by rapid
unplanned urban growth.
z
 urbanization provides efficiency
 cities are well known for huge

energy consumption and great
amounts of pollution, but actually
cities often are more efficient than
rural areas. There is lot less effort
needed to supply basic amenities
such as heat and fresh water.
z
 transportation is not so necessary,

because everything is available on
the spot.
 Everything is easily accessible. For
example, education, health, cultural
activities, social services and all
other kinds of services are lot more
available in the cities and urban
areas.
 Thriving
z towns and cities are an
essential element of a prosperous
national economy. The gathering of
economic and human resources in one
place stimulates innovation and
development in business, science,
technology and industry. Access to
education, health, social services and
cultural activities is more readily
available to people in cities than in
villages.
In zcities, child survival rates are better
than in rural areas because of better
access to health care (Mulholland et
al., 2008). The density of urban
populations makes it easier and less
costly for the government and utilities
to provide essential goods and
services (Brockerhoff, 2000). For
example, the supply of basic facilities
such as fresh water and electricity can
be achieved with less effort and less
cost per person.
z
Negative effect
Water supply and sanitation
z
 The provision of water and sanitation services

to growing urban settlements presents critical
challenges. The increased demand for water
from the growing population can place added
stress on already stretched resources. In and
around cities, water is commonly in short
supply and subject to increasing competition
by different users. Urban growth leads to
increasing demand for water for industrial and
domestic use, which conflicts with agricultural
demands.
z
Water quality
 In developing countries, including

Ethiopia, many rivers in urban
areas are more like open sewers
(Figure 5.6). The lack of sanitation
and sewerage systems has a
dramatic impact on urban
watercourses
z Wastes and pollution
 Urbanisation affects land, water, air

and wildlife because of the number of
people, the amount of buildings and
construction, and the increased
demands on resources. It has
impacts on the physical environment
in several ways.
z
Solid waste
 In many towns and cities solid waste
management is inefficient or non-existent.
Solid waste management means the proper
collection, transfer, recycling and disposal of
all the solid material we throw away,
including plastics, paper and cardboard,
food wastes, electrical waste, etc.
z
 It also includes industrial, hospital

and institutional wastes which often
contain pathogens as well as
hazardous and toxic chemicals,
which need special care.
z
 Urban waste often ends up in illegal

dumps on streets, open spaces,
wastelands, drains or rivers. This is
frequently a problem in peri-urban areas,
which are convenient for dumping wastes
because of the availability of open space
and ease of access from central urban
areas.
z
 This can lead to the pollution of
groundwater and surface waters
which may be used as a source for
drinking water. Sometimes the
wastes are collected and taken to
legalised waste disposal sites but
these are not always properly
managed to protect water bodies
and groundwater
z
Burning waste in an urban area.
 Poor air quality has a

significant impact on the
health of many urban
residents as well as leaving a
damaging and unsightly layer
of dust on plants, buildings
and other surfaces.
z
Health
 urban life can also damage your health. Poor
environment, housing and living conditions
are the main reasons for poor health in urban
areas. Contamination of water sources can
cause epidemics of waterborne disease.
Close proximity to other people can make the
spread of many types of infectious disease
more likely. The polluted air can also cause
respiratory disease and contribute to
premature deaths among more vulnerable
sections of the population such as older
people and children.
z
Food
 Population movements also put pressure on food
supplies and on food distribution. As people migrate
to the cities, they tend to use purchased food
instead of their own crops and this makes them
more vulnerable to changes in food prices. As the
population grows and the demand for water and
land increases, it becomes difficult to increase food
production in a sustainable way. The increase in
urban demand, combined with a loss of agricultural
land, means more pressure on rural people to
produce food for the growing number of urban
people.
z
 pollution from urban areas can

disrupt food supply. For
example, fisheries are often
damaged by urban domestic
wastes and liquid effluents from
city-based industries. (Effluent is
another word for wastewater
that flows out from a source.)
z
Measurement of
biodiversity
 Biodiversity is usually plotted as
z
taxonomic richness of a geographic
area, with some reference to a
temporal scale. Whittaker[1] described
three common metrics used to
measure species-level biodiversity,
encompassing attention to
 species richness or species

evenness:
z
Species richness - the
simplest of the indices available.
 Species richness is the number of
different species represented in an
ecological community, landscape or
region. Species richness is simply a
count of species, and it does not
take into account the abundances of
the species or their relative
abundance distributions.
z
How do you calculate
species richness?
 Species richness is a measure of the

number of species found in a sample.
Since the larger the sample, the
more species we would expect to find,
the number of species is divided by the
square root of the number of individuals
in the sample.
z Simpson index
 Simpson's Diversity Index is
a measure of diversity. In
ecology, it is often used to
quantify the biodiversity of a
habitat. It takes into account
the number of species present,
as well as the abundance of
each species.
z
z
z
Shannon-Wiener index
z
Mean Species Abundance
Index
 MSA is an indicator of naturalness or
biodiversity intactness. It is defined as the
mean abundance of original species relative
to their abundance in undisturbed
ecosystems. An area with an MSA of 100%
means a biodiversity that is similar to the
natural situation. An MSA of 0% means a
completely destructed ecosystem, with no
original species remaining.
z
Other Measures of Diversity
 species diversity
 Species diversity is defined as the
number of species and abundance of
each speciesthat live in a particular
location. The number ofspecies that live
in a certain location is
called speciesrichness.
z
Scale
 Diversity may be measured at different scales.
These are three indices used by ecologists:
 Alpha diversity refers to diversity within a particular
area, community or ecosystem, and is measured
by counting the number of taxa within the
ecosystem (usually species)[5]
 Beta diversity is species diversity between
ecosystems; this involves comparing the number
of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystems.
 Gamma diversity is a measurement of the overall
diversity for different ecosystems within a region.
References
• www.redlist.org
• https://www.globio.info/what-is-globio/how-it-works/impact-on-biodiversity
• http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html
• www.earthtrends.wri.org
• www.earthtrends.wri.org/2002-03
• MoEF 2002
• http://esl.jrc.it/envind/pf_intro/pf_int07.htm
• http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectur
es/kling/ecosystem/ecosystem.html
• www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity
Thank You

Global Diversity Patterns and Loss of Biodiversity

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BIODIVERSITY AND

• Refers to the numbers, variety and variability of living

within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire land

 Global biodiversity is affected

 is about understanding the

• main factors determining species richness

• also increased with the need to understand how

• Hotspots were first named in 1988 by Dr. Sabina V.

• To qualify as a hotspot, an area must hold at least 1500 endemic

– Brazil's Atlantic Forest is containing roughly 20,000 plant

• ! All 34 hotspots contain 50% plant species, 42% terrestrial

– Destruction of coral reefs and Wetlands.

– Aquatic ecosystem is threatened.

– Pollution of freshwater streams, lakes, and

Impacting 86% of threatened

mammals, 86% of threatened

88% of threatened amphibians

33% of mammals and 30% of birds

Invasive are affecting 67%

• Reduced sources of food, structural

• Cost increase to the society

– Targeted interventions at the genetic,

– Restoration of damaged ecosystems

– Recovery of endangered species

– Creation of sustainable forms of development

 Urbanization is a word for

 Although people are pulled towards

 cities are well known for huge

 transportation is not so necessary,

 The provision of water and sanitation services

 In developing countries, including

 Urbanisation affects land, water, air

 It also includes industrial, hospital

 Urban waste often ends up in illegal

 Poor air quality has a

 pollution from urban areas can

 species richness or species

 Species richness is a measure of the

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