Electromotive

Force
and Battery
ENGR. BILLY RAY M. OLDAN, MSEE
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Electromotive Force and Battery

If a voltmeter be
connected across the
terminals of the battery,
the switch (S) being
open, the instrument will
record a certain voltage
E (emf)
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Electromotive Force and Battery

If the switch (S) is

closed, allowing the
current (I) to flow, the
instrument will record a
voltage (V) less than E
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Electromotive Force and Battery

E – measured when the battery delivers

no current, called the internal voltage or
the electromotive force of the battery

 V – voltage measured when current (I)

flows. Also known as the terminal voltage
of the battery for that particular current
value
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Electromotive Force and Battery

E – V – the voltage drop in the battery

due to passage of current through the
battery resistance. It is measured when
current is being taken from the battery

 r – cell resistance in Ω and internal

resistance of the cell
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Electromotive Force and Battery

E – V = Vb = Ir voltage drop through the cell

due to the power of current
(I)

Vb E – V
r= = internal resistance of the
I I
battery
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Electromotive Force and Battery

That is, the internal resistance of the
battery is equal to the open-circuit voltage
minus the closed-circuit terminal voltage
divided by the current flowing when the circuit
is closed.

E = V + Ir emf of the battery

E–V
I= current in any cell
r
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Example
The open-circuit voltage of a
storage cell is 3.5 V. The terminal voltage
measured when the current is 15 A is
found to be 2.5 V. What is the internal
resistance of the cell?
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Solution
Given Formula
E = 3.5 V E = V + Ir
V = 2.5 V
I = 15 A
r=?

3.5 V = 2.5 V + (15 A)(r)

r = 0.067 Ω
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Example
A cell has an internal resistance of
0.03 Ω and a terminal voltage of 2.17 V.
Find its emf if it delivers a current of 1 A.
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Solution
Given Formula
E=? E = V + Ir
V = 2.17 V
I=1A
r = 0.03 Ω

E = 2.17 V + (1 A)(0.03 Ω)
E = 2.2 V
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Problems
1. The voltage at the terminals of a battery is 52 V
when no load is connected and 48.8 V when a
load taking 80 A is connected. (a) Find the internal
resistance of the battery. (b) What would be the
terminal voltage when a load taking 20 A is
connected?

2. A 25 Ω resistor is connected across the terminals of

a battery whose internal resistance is 0.6 Ω. What is
the emf of the battery if the current in the circuit is
0.75 A?
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Problems
3. The no-load terminal voltage of a battery is 30 V.
The terminal voltage drops to 22 V when supplying
a current of 5 A. Determine the internal resistance
of this battery

4. The potential difference across the terminals of a

cell is 3 V when it is not connected to a circuit and
no current is flowing. When the cell is connected to
a circuit and a current of 0.37 A is flowing the
terminal potential difference falls to 2.8 V. What is
the emf and internal resistance of the cell?
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Answers
1. r = 0.04 Ω
V = 51.2 V
2. E = 8.4 V
3. r = 1.6 Ω
4. E=3V
r = 0.541 Ω
Battery
Resistance and
Current
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Battery Resistance and Current

 If the switch (s) be

closed, the cell
electromotive force E
will be acting upon a
circuit consisting of
the internal resistance
of the cell (r) and the
resistance of the
external circuit (R).
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Battery Resistance and Current

 The resistance R and r

being in series, the
total resistance in the
circuit is their sum.

The current is:

I= E
r+R
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Battery Resistance and Current

 The power lost in

the battery is

P = I2r
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Battery Resistance and Current

 If the cell is short-circuited, R=0 and I = Er

 Under these conditions all the electrical

energy developed by the cell is
converted into heat within the cell itself
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Example
A battery having an emf of 2.2 V and an
internal resistance of 0.03 Ω is connected to
an external resistance of 0. 10 Ω. Determine
the efficiency of the battery under this
condition of operation if it delivers a current
of 16.92 A.
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Solution
Given
E = 2.2 V
R = 0.10
r = 0.03
I = 16.92 A
ɳ=?
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Solution

PLOST = (16.923 A)2 (0.03 Ω) = 8.592 watts

P’ = IE
P’ = (16.923 A)(2.2 V) = 37.231 watts

Po = P’ – PLOST
Po = 37.231 watts – 8.592 watts = 28.639 watts

Po – total power
P’ – useful power
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Solution

Po
ɳ= x 100%
P′
28.639 watts
= x 100%
37.231 watts

ɳ = 76.922%

Po – total power
P’ – useful power
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Example
Ten 2.2 V cells, each having an internal resistance
of 0.1 Ω are connected in series to a load of 21 Ω.
Determine the current flowing in the circuit.
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Solution
Given Formula
E = 2.2 V
r = 0.1 Ω E
I=
R = 21 Ω r+R
I=?

(2.2 V)(10) = 22 V = E’
(0.1 A)(10) = 1 Ω = r’
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Solution

I= E′
r′ + R

I= 22 V
1 A + 21Ω

I=1A
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Problems
1. A battery is connected in series with a variable
resistor and an ammeter. When the resistance
of the resistor is 10 Ω the current is 2 A. When
the resistance is 5 Ω the current is 3.8 A. Find
the emf and the internal resistance of the
battery.

2. A load of 10 Ω was connected to a 12-volt

battery. The current drawn was 1.18 A. What is
the internal resistance of the battery?
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Problems
3. A battery is formed of five cells joined in series.
When the external resistance is 4 Ω, the current
is 1.5 A and when the external resistance is 9 Ω,
the current falls to 0.75 A. Find the internal
resistance of the each cell.

4. A cell in a deaf aid supplies a current of 25.0

mA through a resistance of 400 Ω. When the
wearer turns up the volume, the resistance is
changed to 100 Ω and the current rises to 60
mA. What is the emf and internal resistance of
the cell?
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Answers
1. r = 0.556 Ω
V = 21.111 V
2. r = 0.169 Ω
3. r = 0.2 Ω
4. E = 12.857 V
r = 114.286 Ω
Batteries
Receiving
Energy
ENGR. BILLY RAY M. OLDAN, MSEE
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Batteries Receiving Energy

Generator charging a battery

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Batteries Receiving Energy

 If a resistance load be connected across a
battery, the direction of the current is from the
positive (+) terminal of the battery through the
external circuit to the battery of the negative (-)
terminal

 If current (I) is forced to enter at the positive (+)

terminal of the battery, the battery will no longer
be supplying energy but will be receiving energy
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Batteries Receiving Energy

Therefore, if E is the electromotive force of

a battery, r is its resistance, and V the terminal
voltage when current flows in at its positive
terminal,

V
I= r
− E and E = V – Ir
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Example
A battery with an emf of 12 V and
internal resistance of 0.8 Ω is to be
recharged through a 20 V source.
What is the current in the circuit?
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Solution
Given Formula
E = 12 V
r = 0.8 Ω I = V r− E
V = 20 V
I=?

I = 20 V − 12 V
0.8 Ω
I = 10 A
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Example
The emf of a 3-cell storage battery is 5.8 V,
and thee internal resistance is 0.072 Ω. The battery
is being charged, the current being 12 A.
Determine (a) the terminal voltage of the battery,
(b) power loss in the internal heating of the
battery, (c) energy stored per second.
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Solution
Given
E = 5.8 V V=?
r = 0.072 Ω PLOST = ?
I = 12 A W=?

(a)
E = V – Ir
V = 5.8 V + (12)(0.072 Ω)
V = 6.664 V
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Solution
(b)
PLOST = I2r
PLOST = (12 A)2 (0.072 Ω)
PLOST = 10.368 watts

(c)
W = EI
W = (5.8 V)(12 A)
W = 69.6 joules
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Problem
1. Two batteries, each of emf 12 V and internal
resistance 0.5 Ω, are to be recharged by
means of a 25 V source. What is the
charging current?
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Problems
2. A battery with a 12 V emf and an internal
resistance of 0.059 Ω is being charged with a
current of 51 A. What's the potential difference
across the terminal?

3. When supplying a current of 5 A, the terminal

voltage of a battery is 15 V. The battery is then
recharged at a rate of 3 A and the terminal
voltage is found to be 21 V. Determine the emf
and the internal resistance of the battery.
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Answers
1. I=1A

2. 15.009 V

3. E = 18.75 V
r = 0.75 Ω