Small ribosomal subunits binds to

both mRNA and a specific initiatior tRNA that carried

the amino acid methionine.

The small subunits with the initiator tRNA that

was bounded , binds to 5` cap of the mRNA

The start codon signal the start of translation.

the initiator tRNA sits at the P site while the A

site is vacant for next aminoacyl tRNA

Amino acids are added one by one to the previous

amino acid at C-terminus of the growing chain.

Several protein are involved for each addition.

Moved in one direction(5` end first).
TRANSLATION
THE SYSTHESIS OF A This cycle repeated as each amino acids .
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
The tRNA that was released from the E site
return to the cytoplasm

The UAG , UAA, or UGA act as signals to stop translation.

The release factor binds directly to the stop codon in the A site.

The bond was cut off from the reaction between the completed
polypeptide and the tRNA in the exit tunnel of the ribosome large
subunit.

The remainder comes apart in a multistep process with the aid of

other protein factors.
 RNA POLYMERASE
BIND TO THE A NUMBERS OF PROTEINS.

RNA POLYMERASE BIND TO PROMOTER ONLY

AFTER THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ARE
ATTACHED TO IT.

THE COMPLEX OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

AND RNA POLYMERASE II BOUND TO THE

ELONGATION TAKE PLACE

AS RNA POLYMERASE MOVES
ALONG THE DNA.
TERMINATION OCCUR ONCE RNA POLYMERASE
TRANSCRIBES A SEQUENCE ON THE DNA RNA POLYMERASE UNWINDS
THIS IS CALLED A “SIGNAL”. THE DOUBLE HELIX IN DIRECTION
OF 5` TO 3`

PROTEINS CUT IT FREE FROM

THE RNA POLYMERASE,REALESING THE PRE-mRNA. THE NEW RNA MOLECULE PEELS AWAY
THE PRE-MRNA THEN UNDERGOES RNA PROCESSING. FROM ITS DNA TEMPLATE, AND
THE DNA DOUBLE HELIX RE-FORMS

DNA HELICASE UNWIND THE SINGLE-STRAND BINDING
DNA TO FORM REPLICATION PROTEIN BIND TO THE
BUBBLE SEPARATED DNA STRANDS
AND STABILIZED THEM AS
TEMPLATES
TOPOISOMERASE HELPS
PRIMER ADDS RNA
RELIEVE THE STRAIN CAUSED
BY UNWINDING NUCLEOTIDES TO THE
TEMPLATE TO FORM RNA
BREAKING,SWIVELING&REJOI
PRIMER
NING THE STRAND

DNA POLYMERASE III ADD

DNA NUCLEOTIDES TO THE DNA LIGASE JOINED THE
DNA POLYMERASE I
EXPOSED BASES AT 3` OF RNA OKAZAKI FRAGMENT
REPLACE THE RNA PRIMER
PRIMER(5` TO 3`).LEADING TOGETHER TO FORM A
WITH DNA NUCLEOTIDES
AND LAGGING STRANDS ARE CONTINUOS STRAND
FORMED

DNA STRUCTURE
REPLICATION & REPLICATION STRUCTURE

DNA IS MADE UP OF MULTIPLE

CONSITS OF THREE PARTS:
UNITS OF MONOMERS CALLED PROPOSED BY JAMES WATSON
POLYMER NUCLEOTIDE. AND FRANCIS CRICK
ADENINE=THY-MINE

THE TWO SUGAR-

PHOSPHATE

K
BACKBONES ARE
ANTIPARALLEL