Sumit Angira

Junior Engineer,
Broadband Section, Kota
Communication
 Communication is the process of passing information
and understanding from one person to another.”
 In simple words it is a process of transmitting and sharing
ideas, opinions, facts, values etc. from one person to
another.
Telecommunication
 The Basic definition of telecommunications is
“Transmission of signals over a distance for the
purpose of communication”. In earlier time this
may have use following methods: -
 Drums
 Flag Semaphore
 Signal lamps
 Smoke/ Fire signals..
 Postal System
 Pigeon Post etc
In modern electrical telecommunication definition
is “Information exchange by means of
electrical signals”.
Telecommunication eliminated a master-to-servant
relationship: Replacing the service of a
messenger
 By mechanical telegraph in 1794,
 By copper wires in 1837,
 By electromagnetic waves in 1896,
 By optical fiber in 1973.
MAJOR CREATORS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

These persons, in their time, usually faced strong opposition

and needed to put forth substantial effort to obtain recognition
and acceptance of their invention.

Claude Chappe (1763–1805)

Claude Chappe began the era of telecommunications with the successful

operation of his optical telegraph between Paris and Lille on August 15, 1794

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791–1872)

The electrical telegraph had many ‘‘fathers’’ and they all developed unique
solutions.
But, the writing telegraph of Morse proved its superiority and found
worldwide use.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922)
The telephone era begun in 1876 in the United States with the operation
of a telephone line across a 2-mile stretch between Boston and
Cambridge, Massachusetts, with telephone apparatus produced by Bell.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894)

Heinrich Hertz laid the basis for radio transmission with successful
experiments in 1887–1889 that proved the existence of electromagnetic
radiation and its similarity to the behavior of light.

Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)

Marconi succeeded in transmitting a radio signal over a few kilometers
at Bologna in 1896.
Alec H. Reeves (1902–1971)
Alec H. Reeves conceived the idea of digitizing speech and patented his
pulse-code-modulation (PCM) procedure.
OPTICAL TELEGRAPHY

Tachygraphe of Claude Chappe.

OPTICAL TELEGRAPHY

Optical telegraph of Chappe, paris terminal.

ELECTRICAL TELEGRAPHY
Almost simultaneously, in 1837, Cooke together with
Wheatstone presented an electrical needle telegraph in
Great Britain .
And
Morse an electrical writing telegraph in the United States.
Electrical needle telegraph

Code presentation for the one-needle Three versions of needle telegraphs from
telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone. Cooke and Wheatstone.
ELECTRICAL TELEGRAPHY
Electrical pointer telegraph

ABC pointer telegraph. Siemens’s pointer telegraph.

ELECTRICAL TELEGRAPHY
Electrical writing telegraph

Lever-transmitter making and breaking the electrical circuit when it moved

up and down, soon generally known as the Morse key.

With this key the telegraph receiver produced discrete dots and dashes of
deferent lengths.

Morse telegraph as used for the

Washington–Baltimore line.

Replica of Morse’s first

electrical writing telegraph
Telephony
Telephone
On March 7, 1876, Bell was awarded a patent on the device, and three days later, he
made his first successful telephone call to his assistant, electrician Thomas Watson

A. Graham Bell First Telephone

Replica of A. Graham Bell’s Telephone

Data Communication (Internet)
 “The Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a
network of networks in which users at any one computer
can, if they have permission, get information from any
other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at
other computers)
 Technologies to provide Internet
 Dial up
 ISDN Pure Fibre

 ADSL Hybrid
 ADSL2+, VDSL Fibre/Copper
BBoWiFi
 FTTH Enhanced FTTH
Copper Up to 10 Gbps
FTTC,
Copper VDSL2,
ADSL2plus
ADSL Upto 25 Mbps
Copper
256 Kbps – 2 Mbps
ISDN
Dial Up <56 Kbps <128 Kbps
Access Technologies
 Internet access technology refers to a data communications
system that connects an Internet subscriber to an ISP (such as a
telephone company or cable company).
Microwave

Copper

OFC

Defn: Downstream refers to data traveling from an ISP in the Internet to a

subscriber.
Defn: Upstream refers to data traveling from a subscriber to an ISP.
Note: Most Internet users follow an asymmetric pattern where a subscriber receives
more data from the Internet than sending
The Local Subscriber Loop
 The terms local loop or local subscriber line are used to refer to the
connection between the phone company Central Office (CO) and an
individual subscriber’s residence or business.
 Subscribers that use dial-up modems or DSL obtain access to networks by
using analog signals on a conventional analog telephone service.
 This conventional service consists of twisted pair and dialup call with 4
KHz of bandwidth.
 It may be able to handle much higher bandwidth

Local Loop
Narrowband and Broadband Access
Technologies
 Narrowband refers to technologies that
deliver data rate up to 128 Kbps.
 For example: The maximum data rate for
dial-up phone lines is 56 Kbps and is
classified as a narrowband technology.

 Broadband generally refers to

technologies that offer high data rates,
but the exact boundary between
broadband and narrowband is blurry.
 Many people suggest that broadband
technologies must deliver more than 1
Mbps.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
 One of the first attempts to provide subscribers with high-speed digital
services
 Provides digitized voice and data over conventional (twisted-pair copper)
wiring
 ISDN Uses 2 Channels as follows
• B channels: operate at 64 Kbps, intended for digitized voice, data or
compressed video
• D channel: operate at 16 Kbps, intended as a control channel
 The 2 types of ISDN
 Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is (2B + D) channels – (Upto 128 Kbps)
 Prime Rate Interface (PRI) is (32B + D) channels- (Upto 2.048
Mbps)
 Note: ISDN sounded promising when it was proposed, but never was
widely used and is now obsolete due to more requirement of Bandwidth.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies
 Researchers noticed that many local loops can support frequencies higher
than those used by the telephone system.
 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is also a technology for providing digital
services across the local loop.
 There are several variants of of DSL which differ by the first word in their
title, so they are collectively, xDSL.
Name Expansion Downstream Upstream Distance
Upto Upto Upto
ADSL Asymmetric DSL 2 Mbps 256 Kbps 5 Km

ADSL2 Asymmetric DSL Version 2 12 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 4 Km

ADSL 2+ Asymmetric DSL Version 2+ 24 Mbps 2 Mbps 3 Km

SDSL Symmetric DSL 16 Mbps 16 Mbps 2-3 Km

VDSL Very-high bit rate DSL 52 Mbps 16 Mbps 2 Km

What does ADSL mean
 Asymmetric - The data can flow faster in one
direction than the other. Data transmission has
faster downstream to the subscriber than
upstream

 Digital - No type of communication is transferred

in an analog method. All data is purely digital, and
only at the end, modulated to be carried over the
line.

 Subscriber Line - The data is carried over a single

twisted pair copper loop to the subscriber premises
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
• Most popular xDSL technology
• Asymmetric service (downstream service higher bit rate than
upstream service)
• Maximum downstream rate is ~8 Mbps
• Maximum upstream rate is 576 Kbps (640 Kbps – 64 Kbps
control channel)*
• Does not require any changes in local loop wiring
• Can run simultaneously with standard phone service
ADSL Modulation
 Modulation is the overlaying of information (or the signal)
onto an electronic or optical carrier waveform
 There are two competing and incompatible standards for
modulating the ADSL signal:
 Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP)
 Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT)
Carrierless Amplitude Phase
 Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) is an encoding method that
divides the signals into two distinct bands:
1. The upstream data channel (to the service provider), which is carried in
the band between 25 and 160kHz
2. The downstream data channel (to the user), which is carried in the band
from 200kHz to 1.1MHz .
 These channels are widely separated in order to minimize the
possibility of interference between the channels.

PSTN Upstream Downstream

4 25 160 200 1104 KHz

Discrete Multi-tone (DMT)
 Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) separates the DSL signal so that
the usable frequency range is separated into 256 channels of
4.3125kHz each.

 DMT has 224 downstream frequency bins (or carriers) and

32 upstream frequency bins.

 DMT constantly shifts signals between different channels to

ensure that the best channels are used for transmission and
reception.
The DMT frequency bands
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

 Echo Cancellation
ADSL Loop Architecture
ADSL Modem Connections
ZTE DSLAMs – 9800 & 9806
NSN DSLAM 56XX -5625
 Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP)
 SFP module, also known as mini GBIC
(gigabit interface converter), is a
compact, hot-pluggable optical
transceiver module which is widely
used for data communications
applications.
Types of SFP
 1 Gbit/s SFP
 SX - 850 nm – upto 550 m
 SX+/MX/LSX – 1310nm – upto 2 Km
 LX – 1310 nm – upto 10 Km
 EX – 1310 nm – upto 40 Km
 ZX - 1550 nm – upto 80 Km
 EZX – 1550 nm – upto upto 160 Km
 BX - 1490 nm /1310 nm - Bidirectional
 10 Gbit/s SFP+
 25 Gbit/s SFP28
 QSFP – upto 200 Gbps
The Internet Core
 Access technologies handle the “last mile problem”.
• Where the last mile is defined as the connection to a typical residential subscriber
or a small business.
 An access technology provides sufficient capacity for a residential subscriber or a small
business.
• the term Small Office Home Office (SOHO) is used
 The “core” refers to the backbone of Internet.
• Core technologies are high-speed technologies.
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
AAA ( Authentication, Encryption, and Compression

ADSL
ADSL Broadband Architecture
Conclusion: Pros & Cons
 Why ADSL?
 Simultaneous Internet and voice/fax capabilities over a single
telephone line
 Uninterrupted, high-speed Internet access that's always on-line
 Cost-effective solution for society
 Data Security that exceeds other technologies
 Fast download speeds

 ADSL disadvantages:
 Distance-sensitive
 Slower upload speeds
 Phone line required
BBoWiFi (BroadBand over WiFi)
 PTMP, P2MP or PMP.
 Point-to-multipoint wireless links are deployed between
locations where the client wireless devices are in clear line
of sight (LOS).
 license free 5 GHz band (for example in the 5.8 GHz or
5.4 GHz license-free bands) or using the 4.9 GHz
public safety band.
 120 degree sector point-to-multipoint antenna and can act
as the central base station
 Speed Up to 512 Mbps
 Working range upto 7 Km distance
 Maintenance cost is Cheaper but initial installment cost is
high.
BBoWiFi (BroadBand over WiFi)

Fiber
Optical Fiber Broadband
 Fiber-optic communication is a method of
transmitting information from one place to another by
sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The
light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is
modulated to carry information.
Optical Fiber Communication Architecture
Access Technologies that use Optical Fiber
 Fiber To The Curb (FTTC)
• Uses optical fiber for high capacity trunks
• Runs optical fiber close to the end subscriber
• Uses copper for the feeder circuits
• Utilizes additional media in each feeder circuit to allow the cable system to
provide an additional service (for example, voice)

 Fiber To The Building (FTTB)

• Use optical fiber to allow high upstream data rates for businesses

 Fiber To The Home (FTTH) / Fiber To The Premises (FTTP)

• Uses optical fiber to deliver higher downstream data rates to residential
subscribers
• Many channels for entertainment and video
FTTH Architecture
FTTC

FTTH/FTTP

FTTB

FTTB
Future trends of Telecommunication
 Now a Days probably an entirely new range of
combined optical transmission-switching
systems are used widely. Fiber to The Home is
the most commonly used application of this.
 Future of telecommunication might represent
wireless broadband links in metropolitan areas
provided by ‘‘subspace’’ flying base stations
located in unmanned balloons and airplanes
circling in the stratosphere.
Balloons and Airplanes circling in the
stratosphere
5G Applications
 Artificial Intelligence –sense Environment Disasters
like Tsunami, Earthquake, sensors data and take best
analytical decision etc
 IOT ( Internet of Things) – Connecting Everything
 Smart Cities
 Healthcare
 Autonomous Driving
 Security and Surveillance
 Entertainment and Multimedia
 Augmented and Virtual Reality
IOT (Internet of Things)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity,
which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
IOT Applications