1

Lesson 6
 Laws of Chemical Changes

• Law of Conservation of Mass

• Law of Definite Proportion
• Law Of Multiple Proportion
 In a chemical reaction, no change in
mass takes place.
TOTAL MASS OF THE PRODUCTS
=
TOTAL MASS OF REACTANT
 EXAMPLE:
(1.00 g) hydrogen + (8.00 g) oxygen= (9.00 g) water

Law of Conservation of Mass

Antoine Lavoiser
 French chemist
 formulated the law through his
experiments involving mercuric
oxide.

Law of Conservation of Mass

 A compound always contains the
same constituent elements in a
fixed or definite proportion of mass.

 EXAMPLE:

Law of Definite Proportion

 EXAMPLE:
1.00 g hydrogen combines with 8.00 g oxygen.
How many grams of hydrogen will react with
10.00 g oxygen?

SOLUTION:
ANSWER: 1.25 g

Law of Definite Proportion

 If two elements can combine to form
more than one compound, the
masses of one element that will
combine with a fixed mass of the
other element are ratio of small
whole numbers.
Law of Multiple Proportions
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 proposed by John Dalton

 used to explain the laws of chemical
change
I. Elements are made up of very small
particles known as atoms.
II. All the atoms of an element are identical
in mass and size, and are different from
the atoms of another element.
 Dalton used the different shapes or figures
to represent different elements, as follows:

III. Compounds are composed of atoms

of more than one element, combined in
definite ratios with whole number values.
IV. During a chemical reaction, atoms
combine, separate, or rearrange. No
atoms are created and no atoms
disappear.
 Atomic Structure

Atom- a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense

central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
- atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively
charged protons and electrically neutral
neutrons.
 Subatomic Particles

Proton- positively charged particle in the nucleus.

Electron- small negative particles outside the nucleus.
Neutron- neutral particles in the nucleus.
 Composition of an Atom

Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons in a neutral atom

Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
 EXAMPLE:
 Isotopes
Isotopes – atoms of an element having the same atomic number
but different mass number. The existence of isotopes was shown
by mass spectroscopy experiments, wherein elements were
found to be composed of several types of atoms, each with
different masses.
a. The atomic number identifies an element. The atoms of
isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and
electrons.
b. The atoms of isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons.
 EXAMPLE:
 ATOMS
lose or gain electrons combine to form
to form

gain of electrons

lose of electrons
 Prepared by:

GRADE 11 STEM

THANK YOU FOR WATCHING!