SUNARJATI SUDIGDOADI

Usep Abdullah Husin

Dept. of Microbiology
Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal
infection caused by several viruses
Viral gastroenteritis is highly
contagious and causes millions of
cases of diarrhea each year

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 2
Anyone can get viral gastroenteritis and most
people recover without any complications

However, viral gastroenteritis can be serious for

people who cannot drink enough fluids to replace
what is lost through vomiting and diarrhea,
especially infants, young children, the elderly,
and people with weak immune systems

Complications from vomiting also can occur,

even in healthy people

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 3
Causes of Viral Gastroenteritis

 The viruses that cause viral

gastroenteritis damage the cells in
the lining of the small intestine

fluids leak from the cells into the

intestine watery diarrhea

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 4
Four types of viruses cause
most viral gastroenteritis:

Rotavirus
Adenovirus
Caliciviruses
Astrovirus

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 5
ROTAVIRUSES
Classification
 Family Reoviridae, which
includes genus Rotavirus,
Reovirus and Colorado
Tick Fever virus
 Rotavirus was first
identified by electron
microscopy in 1973 from
duodenal biopsies of
children with diarrhea
 Human and animal A double-capsid particle is shown
rotaviruses are known on the left, the single (inner) capsid
on its right

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 6
Structure

Non-enveloped, icosahedral, double capsid

Their electron microscopic appearance shows a 60-80nm
wheel with radiating spokes (Latin, rota = wheel)
The rotavirus genome contains double stranded (ds) RNA
in 11 segments that can be separated by polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (PAGE)
Major structural proteins
Inner core structural proteins : VP 1, 2, 3, and 6. VP6 is an
important antigenic determinant
Outer structural proteins : VP7 and VP4. VP4 is the viral
hemagglutinin and forms spikes from the surface.

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 7
The inner capsid
 A drawing depicts the
apparent arrangement
of capsomers on the
inner capsid, and is
shown side-by-side
with a colourised EM
image. Lines denote
the 5-fold axes of
symmetry
The arrangement of capsomers on the inner capsid gives the
appearance of a lattice - 5 capsomers surround a space at
each apex (5-fold axis)
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 8
The outer capsid
 The outer capsid is
positioned upon
the virion in such a
way that the
capsomeres of
each capsid layer
co-incide

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 9
Groups
Six different groups (A to F) based on the
antigenicity (each group shares common
antigens) and the electrophoretic mobility of their
RNA segments
Groups D, E and F have not been found in
humans
Only group A rotaviruses cause human
disease in the United States, primarily in the
young (under 2 years of age -infantile
gastroenteritis). However, group A rotaviruses
can also cause milder diarrhea older children and
adults
Group B has been found to cause human disease
in China where there may be annual outbreaks of
severe adult and infant diarrhea. More
characteristically, group B rotaviruses cause
diarrhea in pigs
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 10
Serotypes

At least 15 different serotypes of

rotaviruses, 6 are based on antibodies to
VP7 (P type) while 9 serotypes, based on
VP4 (G type)
Group A viruses are most common, with
subgroups that are defined by antigenic
differences in VP6 and with 4 different
serotypes that affect humans

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 11
ADENOVIRUSES
 Non-enveloped, large DNA viruses
 Attach to host cells by means of fiber
proteins that protrude from the
capsid
 Express their genes following
penetration into the host cell in three
phases : the pre-early, early & late
phase

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 12
STRUCTURE & COMPOSITION

 Ø 80 – 110 nm, icosahedral

symmetry, capsids
composed of 252
capsomeres
 Contain 13 % DNA & 87%
protein, MW 175 x 106
 Have a structure called a
“fiber” projecting from
each of the penton bases
 The rest of capsid
composed of 240 hexon
capsomeres
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 13
STRUCTURE & COMPOSITION

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 14
There are at least 10 proteins in the Adenovirus capsid:

Name Location Known Functions

II Hexon monomer Structural
III Penton base Penetration
IIIa Associated with penton base Penetration
Receptor binding;
IV Fiber
haemagglutination
Core: associated with DNA & penton
V Histone-like; packaging?
base
VI Hexon minor polypeptide Stabilization/assembly of particle?
VII Core Histone-like
VIII Hexon minor polypeptide Stabilization/assembly of particle?

IX Hexon minor polypeptide Stabilization/assembly of particle?

TP Genome - Terminal Protein Genome replication
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 15
N.B. There is no protein I (!)
VIRAL REPLICATION

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 16
Adenovirus serotypes implicated in
gastroenteritis are 40, 41, 31, 3, 7
They cause diarrheal disease in infants
and children <4 years of age
The virus is spread by the fecal-oral route
and is not shed in the nasopharynx
Adenovirus infect & replicate in epithelial
cells GI tract

Incubation period is 8-10 days

Diarrhea lasts 5-12 days, prolonged
diarrhea often seen with type 40 infections

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 17
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
 Few laboratories carry out serological
investigation of adenovirus; thus
laboratory help depends on virus isolation
or rapid identification of virus infected
cells in clinical samples by
immunofluorescence
 Viral isolation from faeces is slow, taking
at least a week, or a month
 Latex agglutination, ELISA, EM

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 18
PREVENTION & CONTROL

 the risk of waterbornechlorination of

swimming pool & waste water

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 19
CALICIVIRIDAE
This family of viruses divided into the
noroviruses (eg, Norwalk virus) sapoviruses (eg,
Sapporo virus)
Caliciviruses are transmitted from person to
person and also through contaminated water or
food--especially oysters from contaminated
waters
The noroviruses are often responsible for
epidemics of viral gastroenteritis. In addition to
vomiting and diarrhea, people infected with
caliciviruses may have muscle aches. The
symptoms appear within 1 to 3 days of exposure

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 20
Classification and Antigenic Types

 The caliciviruses are

grouped on the basis
of morphology, size,
protein profile, and
nucleic acid
 Norwalk virus and
some other human
caliciviruses share
considerable genetic
homology but are
antigenically distinct

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 21
 Structure
 Norwalk virus is a round,
nonenveloped, 27-nm virion,
nucleic acid contains single-
stranded, positive-sense
RNA
 Its It has a single structural
protein characteristic of a
calicivirus. Other human
calicivirus virions are similar
but some are slightly larger
and have surface cup-
shaped indentations
 It is not cultivatable in vitro

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 22
Diagnosis
 Immune EM
 Serology for epidemiologic purposes

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 23
ASTROVIRUS
Small ss-RNA, non-enveloped, about 27 -
32nm in size
They are round with an unbroken surface
(unlike indented surface of calicivirus)
EM appearance of a 5 or 6 pointed star;
contain 3 structural proteins.
Astroviruses are immunologically distinct
from Norwalk and Caliciviruses - belong to
family Astroviridae
7 human serotypes are known

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 24
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 25
Diagnosis

EM and Immune EM are especially

useful since the virus is often shed in
large amounts in stool
Immunfluoresence detects all
serotypes

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 26
Treatment of viral gastroenteritis
Most cases of viral gastroenteritis
resolve over time without specific
treatment
Antibiotics are not effective against
viral infections
The primary goal of treatment is to
reduce the symptoms, and prompt
treatment may be needed to prevent
dehydration
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 27
Prevention
no vaccine available
washing your hands thoroughly after
using the bathroom or changing diapers
washing your hands
thoroughly before eating

disinfecting contaminated surfaces

not eating or drinking foods or liquids that
might be contaminated

SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 28
SUNARYATI SUDIGDOADI 29