 Some elements exhibit similar chemical and

physical properties. For example, lithium (Li),

sodium (Na), and Potassium (K) can all
combine in a 1:1 ratio easily with Chlorine.
 The elements chlorine, bromine, and iodine
look very different from each other. But each
forms a similar-looking while solid when it
reacts with sodium.
 In 1865, an English chemist, John Newlands,
arranged the known elements according to their
properties and in order of increasing atomic mass.
 He noticed that all of the elements in a given row
had similar properties, and they repeated every 8
elements (he called this the law of octaves).
 In Newland’s time, determining atomic
weights was based on comparing other
elements to the lightest element
(hydrogen). Some of the elements were
given inaccurate values. .
 Newland was ridiculed by other chemists who
felt the table he created was not reliable. He
could not get his papers published and returned
as chief chemist in a sugar factory and later
opened a chemical business with his brother.
 In 1869, a Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev
produced the first orderly arrangement
(periodic table) of all 63 elements known at
the time.
 Mendeleev (1834-1907) rose from very poor
beginnings to a position of a renowned Russian
chemist in the 19th century. He wrote down
information on each element on cards. He
ranked the elements from lightest to heaviest.
 Mendeleev also put the elements into a table
according to their properties. He started a new
row each time he noticed that the chemical
properties of the elements repeated.
 Mendeleev’s Table contains gaps that
elements with particular properties should
fill.
 He correctly predicted the
properties of the missing
elements. He even gave them
provisional names. These
elements were eventually
discovered.
 A young English chemist, Henry Moseley,
discovered that the elements should be
organized according to their atomic numbers,
not their atomic weights as was done before.
 When Moseley studied the lines in
the X-ray spectra of 38 different
elements, he found that the
wavelength of the lines decreased
in a regular manner as atomic
number increased.
 Henry Moseley lost his life in 1915
during World War I at the Gallipoli
battle in Turkey at the age of 27 and
is buried there. His death has been called
one of the greatest
tragedies of WWI
because he was such
a brilliant chemist.
 The Periodic Law
states that when the
elements are arranged
according to their
atomic numbers,
elements
with similar properties
appear at regular
intervals.
 Elements in each column of the table have
the same number of electrons in their outer
energy level.
 These electrons are called valence electrons.
 The outer energy level electrons in an atom
are the ones that participate in chemical
reactions with other atoms.
 Elements with the same number of valence
electrons react in similar ways.
 A vertical column on the periodic table is
called a group. (These are also called
families.) These exhibit similar properties.
 The group an element belongs to is determined by
the last notation in its’ electron configuration.
 For example, all elements that end in s1 have the
same properties and are in the same group.
 A horizontal row on the periodic table is
called a period. Elements in the same period
have the same number of occupied energy
levels.
 The Periodic Table is organized into blocks—
each corresponding to the sublevels. (S, P, D,
and F)