Methods of Data Collection

1. Survey
Questionnaire Method
Interview method
Telephone Surveys
2. Observation method
3. Registration method
4. Testing method
5. Experiment
Survey Method:
1. Telephone Surveys
 Less costly
 People may be more candid in their opinion
since there is no face-to-face contact
 Not all people will have chance to be surveyed
since not all have phones
 Survey Method:
2. Questionnaire survey
 list of planned, written questionnaire related to a
particular topic, with space provided for
indicating the response to each question
 Can be used to cover a wider geographical area
than telephone surveys or personal interview
 Respondents can remain anonymous if desired
 People may have difficulty reading or
understanding the questions
Survey Method:
3. Personal Interview
 Obtaining in-depth responses to questions from
the person being interviewed
 Interviewers must be trained in asking
questions and recording responses
 More costly than telephone survey and survey
questionnaire
 Interviewer may be biased in the selection of
the respondents
Observation
- the current status of a phenomenon is
determined not by asking but by observing
- gathering information through the senses
Registration Method
- enforced by certain laws. Examples are the
registration of birth, deaths, motor vehicles,
marriages and licences.
- information is kept systematized and made
available to all because of the requirement of
the law.
Sampling
measuring a small portion of something and
then making general statement about the
whole thing.
process of choosing a representative portion
of a population or some elements in a
population the will represent the entire
population.
 Importance of Sampling
1. Sampling makes possible the study of a large,
heterogeneous population.
2. Sampling is for economy.
3. Sampling is for speed.
4. Sampling is for accuracy.
5. Sampling saves the sources of data from being
all consumed.
Principles of Sampling
Appraisals that involve sampling are estimates
and predictions only.
Estimates based on sampling are least accurate
when the sample is a small portion of the
whole and when the sample is not
representative.
 Estimates based on proportionally large
samples and on representative samples are
most accurate.
 Types of Sampling
1. Probability or Random Sampling
– based on the criteria of random selection,
that is, all elements in the population are given an
equal chance of being selected as a sample unit
2. Non-probability or Non-random Sampling
– called judgmental sampling. It does not
provided every member of the population an
equal chance of being selected as part of the
sample
 Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified random sampling
4. Cluster sampling
5. Multi-stage sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
used when the population has no
differentiated levels, sections or classes
also called lottery or raffle type sampling
also unrestricted random sampling which
means that every individual has an equal
chance of being chosen to be included in the
sample
2. Systematic Sampling
selecting/drawing every Nth element in the list.
N is called the sampling interval which is
obtained by dividing the total population by the
desired sample size
more convenient, faster and economical than
simple random sampling especially when the
population is quite large
3. Stratified random sampling
 Process of selecting randomly from the different
strata of the population used in the study.
 This is used when the population has also
stratification or groupings either horizontally or
vertically.
Examples: horizontal grouping – sections
Vertical – grades(1,2,3), age, economic
status-poor, average

From each subgroup, a sample is drawn using either

simple random sampling or systematic random
sampling with a random start.
4. Cluster sampling
sampling in which groups or clusters and not
individuals are randomly selected. All members
in the selected cluster(s) are included in the
sample
used when the population is so big
5. Multi-stage sampling
 the selection of the sample is accomplished in
two or more stages
Usually used when the population is divided
into hierarchies. The sampling process in each
hierarchy is considered one stage.
Non-random Sampling
1. Purposive or deliberate sampling
in this type of sampling, the investigator uses a
specific purpose in selecting a sample
2.Quota sampling
specified number of persons are included
3. Convenience sampling
 process of picking out people in the most
convenient and fastest way