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Jose Rizal
Father: Francisco Mercado Rizal

Mother: Teodora Alonso Realonda

Brother and Sisters: Saturnina, Paciano,

Narcisa, Olympia, Lucia, Maria,
Concepcion, Josefa,
Trinidad, Soledad

Date of Birth: June 19, 1861

Date of Demise: December 30, 1896

The father of Jose Rizal --- Francisco Mercado Rizal --- was a descendant of
Domingo Lamco, a Chinese who immigrated to the Philippines. It was Domingo
Lamco who adopted the surname "Mercado" while the second surname "Rizal"
was given by a Spanish provincial governor who was a family friend.

The mother of Jose Rizal --- Teodora Alonso Realonda --- had a mixed ancestry,
which was quite typical of Filipinos.

Francisco Mercado Rizal was born in 1818 in Binan, Laguna, while his mother was
born in 1827 in Sta. Cruz, Manila.

The Rizal family belonged to the middle class of

the society and it was one of the most respected
families during its time.
Francisco and Teodora had 11 children: 2 boys and 9 girls.

Jose was one of the two boys. The other boy was Paciano, Rizal's
only brother who was to become a general in the Philippine
revolutionary forces.

Jose was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba in Laguna
province.

The oldest child was Saturnina while the

youngest child was Soledad.
The eighth child of the family was
Concepcion who died at the age of three.
The death of Concepcion caused young
Jose to experience his first sorrow.
Rizal's Education

Early Education: Tutorial at Home

Elementary Education: Biñan School (1869-1870)
High School Education: Ateneo - Bachelors of Arts Degree with
highest honor (1872-1877)
College Education: University of Santo Tomas - Medical Course
(1877-1882)
Post-Graduate Education: Universidad Central de Madrid –
Licentiate in Medicine (1882-1884) and
Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters (1882-1885);

University of Heidelberg - Specialization in Ophthalmology - (1886)

The first teacher of Rizal was his mother. It was from her that Rizal
learned the alphabet.

Early in life, young Jose exhibited the characteristics of a gifted

child. He was a fast learner with an intense curiosity. He learned the
alphabet at the age of three, he was able to use the pencil as a tool
for sketching and he showed much appreciation to his countryside
environment.

At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem, entitled: "Sa Aking
mga Kababata" ("To My Fellow Children"). The poem contained a
line which was to become a famous saying. Wrote Rizal:

"Whoever knows not how to love his native tongue

is worse that any beast or evil
smelling fish." (Zaide, 1997)
Tutors were hired by the Rizal family in order to stimulate the mind of young Jose
and to enrich his early education.

Young Jose entered school in 1869. The school was a private one and it was
located in Binan which was another town in Laguna. Young Jose was the best
student of the school.

In 1872, Jose Rizal enrolled in Ateneo and spent his next five years studying in this
private institution. In 1877, he graduated with a Bachelors of Arts degree with the
highest honor.

During his stay in Ateneo, Rizal was able to write many poems. One of these
poems was dedicated to her mother and the poem's title was "Mi Primera
Inspiracion" ("My First Inspiration"). Two of the poems dealt with education and
these were "Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria" ("Through Education the
Country Receives Light") and "Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena
Educacion" ("Intimate Alliance between Religion and Good Education").
In 1877, Rizal enrolled in the University of
Santo Tomas and took up a medical course
which he completed in 1882.
While pursuing his medical course, Rizal
joined a literary contest which he won. His
prize-winning poem was entitled "A La
Juventud Filipina" (To the Filipino Youth"). In
this poem, Rizal urged his fellow youth to use
their talents in nation-building. Wrote Rizal:

"Hold high the brow serene,

O youth, where now you stand.
Let the bright sheen
Of your grace be seen,
Fair hope of my fatherland!"
(Zaide, 1997)
In 1882, Rizal left for Spain to pursue a medical
degree. Rizal had a personal reason as well as
an altruistic reason for his decision to study
abroad. He wanted to become an eye specialist
in order to cure her mother from an eye ailment.
He also wanted to study the cultures, laws and
governments of European countries in order to
help his countrymen.

During the latter part of 1882, Rizal enrolled in

the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central
University of Madrid) and took up two courses:
medicine and philosophy and letters.

In 1884, Rizal was awarded the Licentiate in

Medicine
and in 1885, he was conferred the degree of
Licentiate
in Philosophy and Letters.
While Rizal was still studying in Germany, he was able to find work as a proof-reader in a
publishing company in Leipzig and as a medical assistant in Dr. Schweigger’s clinic in
Berlin.

On March 21, 1887, Rizal’s first novel, “Noli Me Tangere,” was published in
Berlin. Prior to its publication, Rizal suffered from poverty. Through the help of
his friend Dr. Maximo Viola, Rizal was able to publish the Noli.

Nine years later, he was executed for a

crime which he did not commit. Wrote Rizal in Noli:

“I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my

native land! You, who have it to see,
welcome it --- and forget not those who
have fallen asleep during the night.” (Zaide, 1997)
Nearly three years later, Rizal’s second novel, “El
Filibusterismo,” was published. It came off the
press on September 18, 1891 in Ghent, Belgium.
It was a sequel to his first novel, Noli Me
Tangere. El Filibusterismo was a novel that was
politically-oriented and revolutionary in nature
while Noli Me Tangere was reform-oriented and
idealistic.
In October, 1891, Rizal left Europe for Hongkong.
In this British colony, Rizal worked as a
physician. It was also in Hongkong that he
experienced a happy reunion with the members
of his family.

In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines using a

special passport issued by the Spanish consul-
general in Hongkong. He wanted to continue his
fight for reforms not in foreign countries but in
the Philippines.
On July 3, 1892, Rizal joined a meeting of Filipino patriots in Tondo, Manila. The
purpose of the meeting was to establish a civil society which was later called Liga
Filipina. During the meeting, Rizal met a man named Andres Bonifacio who was one of
the founders of the civil association and who was to become a revolutionary hero. The
aims of the association were: 1) Unite the whole archipelago into one compact and
homogenous body; 2) Mutual protection in every want and necessity; 3) Defense
against all violence and injustice; 4) Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and
commerce; and 5) Study and application of reforms. Three days after the meeting,
Rizal was arrested and, several days later, he was deported to Dapitan in Mindanao.
From 1892 to 1896, Rizal lived in
Dapitan and the kind of life he led in
this town was that of a creative and
productive community-builder in
exile. He established a school for
young boys and offered his medical
services to the poor people for free.
He built water and lighting systems
for the town, planted fruit trees and
collected animal specimens which he
sent to the Dresden Museum. It was
also during his exile that he got
married to Josephine Bracken.
In July, 1896, Rizal was allowed to leave Dapitan; thus, ending his exile. It was
Governor-General Ramon Blanco who gave him the permission to leave Dapitan
and go to Cuba where he will work as a volunteer medical worker. Many months
earlier, he sent a letter to the Office of the Governor-General asking him the
permission to work abroad as a volunteer. In August, the revolution erupted but
Rizal kept his word and left Manila for Barcelona where he was supposed to
receive further instructions.

Upon arrival in Barcelona, Rizal was arrested.

He was accused of leading the Philippine revolution
and sent back to Manila where he was thrown
into jail.
In December, Rizal was tried in a military court and the court found
Rizal guilty of leading the Philippine revolution. On December 30,
1986, Rizal was executed by firing squad in Bagumbayan Field.
Wrote Rizal on the night before he was executed:

“Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress’d,

Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life’s best,
And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest,
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost....“

I die just when I see the dawn break,

Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;
And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,
Pour’d out at need for thy dear sake,
To dye with its crimson the waking ray.” (Zaide, 1997)
 Suarez Review Center
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1861 - Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of
Calamba in Laguna. His parents were Francisco Mercado Rizal
and Teodora Alonzo Realonda.

1864 - Young Jose learned the alphabet at the age of three. His
first teacher was his mother.

1867 - At the age of five, Rizal manifested his artistic talents

through sketching and wax-and-clay molding. Before the age of
six, he acquired the skills to read and write.
1869 - Rizal wrote his first poem in Filipino which was entitled, "Sa
Aking mga Kababata" ("To My Fellow Children"). The main theme of
the poem was love of one's native language and it was Rizal's
earliest expression of nationalistic sentiment.

1876 - Young Rizal remembered his hometown with fondness while

he was studying in a school located in another town of Laguna and
wrote the poem, "In Memory of My Hometown."

1877 - Rizal earned his Bachelor of Arts

degree with the highest honor at Ateneo.
During the following year, he passed
the licensure examination in surveying.
1879 - Rizal won the first prize in a literary contest. The prize-
winning poem, "La Juventud Filipina" ("To the Filipino Youth"), was
an inspirational poem which strongly encouraged the Filipino youth
to apply their genius in the various fields of human work since they
were the hope of the Fatherland. The poem was the first great poem
in Spanish written by a Filipino.

1882 - Rizal completed his medical course at the University of Santo

Tomas.

1884 - Dr. Jose Rizal earned a medical

degree at the Universidad Central de
Madrid. One year later, he completed
his course in philosophy and letters.
1886 - Dr. Rizal left Spain for Germany to study ophthalmology at the University of
Hiedelberg. In spring of 1886, he wrote the poem, "To the Flowers of Hiedelberg."

1887 - The first novel of Dr. Rizal was published in Berlin, Germany. The novel, "Noli
Me Tangere" ("Touch Me Not"), was a critical socio-political study of Philippine society
under Spanish colonial administration. For having written the book, Rizal won the
admiration and respect of the Filipino people; at the same time, he became an enemy
of the Spanish friars and colonial administrators.

1889 - Dr. Rizal's article, "Los Agricultores Filipinos" ("The Filipino Farmers"),
was published in La Solidaridad which was the official newspaper of the
Filipino
Propaganda Movement in Spain.
La Solidaridad was organized by Filipino
reformists who advocated for socio-political
reforms in the Philippines and representation
of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes.
1891 - Dr. Rizal's second novel, "El Filibusterismo," was published in Ghent,
Belgium.

1892 - Dr. Rizal organized the Liga Filipina in Tondo, Manila. The Liga's aims
were the following: 1) Unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous
and homogenous body; 2) Mutual protection in every want and necessity; 3)
Defense against all violence and injustice; 4) Encouragement of instruction,
agriculture and commerce; and 5) Study and application of reforms. One of the
founders of the Liga was Andres Bonifacio who was to become a revolutionary
hero. Three days after the Liga was formed, Rizal was arrested by Spanish
authorities. Eight days later, he was deported to Dapitan in Mindanao where he
remained for four years.

1896 - In a military court, Rizal was falsely accused

of leading the Philippine revolution by Spanish
officials. The court's decision was a death
penalty sentence for Rizal. On December 30, 1896,
Dr. Jose Rizal was executed
by firing squad in Bagumbayan field.
 Suarez Review Center
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Agoncillo, Marcela (1860-1946)
• "Maker of the Philippine Flag"
• She was one the three women
who made (hand-woven) the first,
original Philippine flag.

Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869-1964)

• "First President of the Philippines"
• He was the revolutionary who proclaimed
the independence of the Philippines from Spain
on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite.
Arellano, Deodato (1844-1896?)
• "Founding Member of the Katipunan"
• He was the first president of the Katipunan, a
revolutionary society whose goal was to establish a free
and democratic Philippines during the Spanish colonial era.

Aquino, Melchora (1812-1919)

• "Mother of the Katipunan"
• She was affectionately called "Tandang Sora" ('Old Sora").
This old woman gave food, shelter and other assistance to
the Filipino revolutionaries who were fighting to overthrow
the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines during
the mid-1890.
 Bonifacio, Andres (1863-1897)
• "Father of the Philippine revolution of 1896"
• He was the founder of the revolutionary society called the
Katipunan that led the uprising against the
Spanish colonial administration
in the Philippines in 1896.

Dagohoy, Francisco (Dates Unknown)

• "Leader of the Longest Filipino Revolt
during the Spanish Colonial Period"
• He was the native Filipino who started the rebellion
against Spanish rule in Bohol.
It was the longest rebellion,
which began in 1744 and lasted until 1829.
del Pilar, Gregorio (1875-1899)
• "Hero of Tirad Pass"
• One of the youngest generals in the Philippine revolutionary
forces, Gregorio del Pilar is best remembered for his heroism at
Tirad Pass where he and his 60 fellowmen fought the advancing
American forces who were in hot pursuit of Emilio Aguinaldo.
General del Pilar and his men were killed in what is known in
Philippine history as the "Battle of Tirad Pass."

del Pilar, Marcelo H. (1850-1896)

• "Political Analyst of the Propaganda Movement"
• He was the founder of the Diarong Tagalog, a nationalistic
newspaper which exposed the evils committed by the Spanish
government in the Philippines. He was one reformist who used
ordinary places where ordinary Filipinos gathered as venues for
expressing his nationalistic sentiments and this made him popular
with the people. When he went to Spain in 1888, he became the
"political analyst" of the Filipino colony in that country.
 Jacinto, Emilio (1875-1899)
• "Brains of the Katipunan"
• He was only 18 years old when he joined the Katipunan in 1893,
becoming the youngest member of the revolutionary society. He
wrote the "Kartilla" or the primer of the Katipunan which became
the ideals or teachings of the society to which the members
adhered strictly.

Jaena, Graciano Lopez (1856-1896)

• "Greatest Orator of the Propaganda Movement"
• He was one of the prominent members of the reformist movement.
He established the "La Solidaridad," which was the official
newspaper of the Filipino reformists based in Spain.
Katipunero (Revolutionaries)
• "Sons of the People"
• They were the male members of the revolutionary society called
Katipunan that led the revolt against the Spanish colonial
administration in the Philippines in 1896. Although they lacked the
war machinery to win a revolution, they were able to sustain the
armed struggle because they had the courage and determination
and because they held the conviction that a free Philippines was
worth fighting for. Philippine independence was won from Spain in
1898 but it was lost again a few years later to American imperialist
forces.

Lapu-Lapu (1491-1542)
• "First National Hero of the Philippines"
• He was the Muslim chieftain of Mactan who killed Ferdinand
Magellan in the "Battle of Mactan." Magellan was the Portuguese
explorer who led a Spanish government-backed expedition to the
East Indies which found its way to the Philippines in 1521.
Magellan's expedition was the first known circumnavigation of the
world.
Mabini, Apolinario (1864-1903)
• "The Sublime Paralytic"
• A highly intelligent man who suffered from leg paralysis, Mabini
was the most trusted adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo

Rizal, Jose (1861-1896)

• "Pride of the Malay Race"
• A sportsman, scientist, linguist and man of letters, Jose Rizal was
the leading figure of the "Propaganda Movement" which espoused
Philippine nationalism and advocated reforms during the second
half of the 19th century when the Philippines was under Spanish
colonial rule.
• Today, Rizal is considered as the national hero of the Philippines.
Monuments honoring this great Filipino have been erected not only
in the Philippines but also in China, Spain and the United States.
Women of the Katipunan

• They were the wives and daughters of the katipunero (revolutionaries).

Although they were few in numbers, they were trusted members of the
Katipunan. Like their male counterparts, they recruited new members but they
were not part of the "fighting force" of the revolutionary society. They served
as record-keepers and they served as a front whenever the katipunero held a
secret meeting in a particular house. In order not to arouse the suspicion of
the Spanish civil guard, the women sang and danced in the sala in full view of
the passerby while the clandestine meeting was held. Among the well-known
women in the Katipunan were Josefa and Trinidad Rizal, Gregoria de Jesus,
Benita Rodriguez and Simeona de Remigio.
Gomburza or GOMBURZA is an acronym denoting
the surnames of the priests Mariano Gomez, José
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests
who were executed on 17 February 1872 at Luneta
Park in Bagumbayan, Philippines by Spanish
colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising
from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. Their execution had a
profound effect on many Filipinos;José Rizal, the
national hero, would dedicate his novel El
filibusterismo to their memory.
The uprising by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard
was the pretext needed by the authorities to redress
a perceived humiliation from the principal objective,
José Burgos, who threatened the established order.
 Suarez Review Center
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