Bone tissue

• Anatomy of a bone
• Structure of bone tissue
• Formation and growth of bone
• Fracture and repair
• Effects of physiological processes on bone
 The parts of a long bone
• Diaphysis-shaft
• Epiphyses- ends
• Come together at
metaphyses
• Articular cartilage
protects epiphyses
• Periosteum covers bone
• Medullary cavity contains
marrow; is lined by
endosteum
Bone cells
Organization of bone tissue

compact

spongy
 Compact vs. spongy bone
• Compact bone • Spongy bone
– External layer – No osteons
– Arranged in osteons – Arranged in trabeculae
– Lamellae are found – Major type of tisse in
around periphery and short, flat, irregular
between osteons bones
– Central canals – Much lighter than
connected to each compact bone
other by perforating – Supports red bone
canals marrow
Blood and nerve supply to bone
• Abundant supply of
blood
• May have several
nutrient arteries
• Nerves accompany
blood vessels
 Ossification (osteogenesis)
• Bone forms within
mesenchyme in
layers
(intramembranous)
– Flat bones of skull and
mandible
– Osteocytes secrete
calcium
– Compact and spongy
bone form
 Endochondral ossification
• Most bones are
formed this way
• Calcification is
triggered when
chondrocytes die
• Vascularization
triggers ossification
 Bone growth in length (epiphyseal
plate)
• Growth is on epiphyseal
side
• Resting cartilage secures
epiphyseal plate
• Dividing cells are in
proliferating cartilage
• Cells mature in
hypertrophic cartilage
• Osteoblasts replace
calcified cartilage
 Bones get thicker by appositional
growth
• Osteoblasts form new
extracellular matrix
• Blood vessel
becomes enclosed,
supports new osteon
• Osteoblasts lay down
extracellular matrix
 Bone remodeling replaces old
tissue
• Resorption by osteoclasts, deposition by
osteoblasts
• Strengthens bone
• Repairs damaged bone
 Types of fracture

Stress fracture is not visible;

Overuse or degeneration
Process of fracture repair

Bone grows slowly; blood supply may be

affected
Life processes and bone formation
• Why is exercise good for bones?
• How does aging affect bones?
– Loss of bone mass due to calcium loss
– Decreased production of collagen
 Treatment of osteoporosis
• Prevention
• Steroid hormone replacement (stimulates
osteoblast activity)
• Evista has estrogen-like effects on bone
formation
• Fosamax blocks bone resorption
 Summary
• Bone is a complex tissue
• It is constantly being remodeled
• Bones consist of compact and spongy bone, lots
of blood vessels and nerves
• Functions of bone:
– Support and protection
– Movement
– Calcium levels
– Blood cell formation
– Fat storage