ENDOGENIC

PROCESSES
LEARNING
COMPETENC
IES
• Describe where the Earth's internal heat
comes from.

• Cite evidences to support continental drift.

• Give the distinguishing features of the

different plate boundaries.

• Explain how the sea floor spreads.

• Describe the evolution of ocean basins

• Describe how the rocks behave under

different types of stress.
LEARNING
COMPETENC
IES

• Describe how magma is formed

(magnetism).

• Devise ways to facilitate own learning.

• Display scientific values and attitudes.

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
- internal processes that occur beneath the Earth which results
to the reshaping of the Earth's landforms
TECTONIC PROCESSES
THEORIES AND PLATE
BOUNDARIES
 CONTINENTAL
DRIFT THEORY

• Alfred Wegener suggested

that the continents were all
originally part of a huge
landmass called Pangaea and
was surrounded by a single
ocean called Panthalessa

• A few hundred million years ago,

Pangaea was supposed to break
apart and the continents slowly
drifted at an average of 2 inches
per year, to their present
locations.
CONTINENTAL
DRIFT THEORY
CONTINUED...
• One of the major objections to the
continental drift theory is its inability to
provide a mechanism that explains the
movement of the continents across the
globe.

• Studies on the ocean and earthquakes

have provided new insights in the behavior
of the lithosphere which have led to the
development of the Plate Tectonic
Theory.
• The theory proposes that the lithosphere
consists of seven large and numerous
smaller segments called plates that rest
upon the soft layer of asthenosphere.

• The driving force for plate movement is the

convection flow in which warm bouyant
rocks rise and cooler materials sink.
 EVIDENCES
THAT SUPPORT THE PLATE TECTONIC THEORY

• Paleomagnetism or Fossil Magnetism

• Distribution of earthquakes
PLATE BOUNDARIES
- fractures separating one plate from another
Convergent Boundary
- occurs when two plates move toward each other. The denser plate
dives beneath the more buoyant plate. They are also called subduction
zones.

• Oceanic - continental
convergence

• Oceanic - oceanic convergence

• Continental - continental
convergence
Divergent Boundary
- occurs when two plates move away. When the plates move apart,
there is upwelling of magma from the mantle below. As the magma
cools, new crust is created.

• on oceanic plates, it's called

seafloor spreading

• on continental plates, it forms a rift-

valley
Transform fault Boundary
- occurs when plates slide horizontally past one another.
ocean basin Characteristics
Ocean basins are not featureless.

• The continental shelf is a relatively shallow, gently sloping part of the

continental crust that borders the continent.

• The continental slope leads to deep water. It represents the true edge of the
continent .

• The continental rise is a more gradual incline. It links the ocean floor to the
continental slope

• The ocean floor is formed at the base of the continental rise. It consists of
relatively thin basaltic rock and accounts for nearly 30% of the Earth's surface
TECTONIC FORCES AND
PROCESSES
DEFORMATION
- refers to the change in the original shape and size of a rock caused
by tectonic forces
Folding
• occurs when rocks are pushed towards each other from opposite
sides

• produced by horizontal compressive stretches, such as continent -

continent collisions or collisions at any convergent plate boundary.

• may occur in groups

• may be large scale or small scale

anticline

syncline limb
 Types of Folds

Monocline Recumbent Chevron

Isoclinal Dome
Faulting
- fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks strata along a fault plane. Faults are
fractures along the crust in which displacement has occurred.

• Dip - Slip Fault - vertical

• Strike - Slip FAult - horizontal and parallel

VOLCANI
SM
 VOLCANI
S M
• is a phenomenon in which materials are erupted from the Earth's
interior onto the surface through volcanoes

• Intrusive Vulcanity - magma doesn't reach the surface

• Extrusive Vulcanity - Magmatic Bodies are expelled onto

the surface

VOLCANO
• is a vent or a series of vents on the crust
VOLCANISM AND
T E
About C
70% Tof O N
Earth's I C S
volcanic activity
subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean.
occurs along a circle of
MAGMA AND OTHER VOLCANIC
Magma Production
At the subduction zone occurs due
to the following conditions:

• Increased
temperature due to
friction
• Addition of water
to the
asthenosphere
• PRessure - Relief
Melting
When a volcano erupts, three states of
matter are ejected.
• Solids
• volcanic blocks, cinders or lapilli, volcanic ash, and volcanic dust

• Liquid (Lava)
• temperature ranging from 500 degrees celsius to over 1400 degrees
celsius

• consists of mixtures of oxides, generally silicon dioxide

• Granitic lava is more viscous. On the other hand, basaltic lava is less
viscous and flows easily.

• gases
• Water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide, and Hydrochloric Acid
 Additional Information
• Ash clouds may cause rains that bring about mudflow called
lahar which behaves like wet concrete. they move downhill
and bury everything in their path.

• Nuee Ardente, a french term for "growing Clouds"

• mixture of hot gases and fine ash which is denser than air

• Ash-Flow Tuff

• ash compacted into rock