Cup B

Cup A
Rock-Forming
Minerals
 Minerals
Composed of elements such as those
found in the periodic table.
 Minerals
✘Naturally occurring,
inorganic solid with a definite
chemical composition and an
ordered internal structure.
 General
Characteristics
General Characteristics

✘Minerals are naturally occurring

chemical compounds
✘They are solids; inorganic
✘Although not fixed, each mineral has
a definite chemical composition, which
can be described by a chemical
formula.
General Characteristics
✘Each mineral has a regular structure, in
which the atoms are always arranged in the
pattern. This type of structure is called
crystalline.
 Unique
Properties
Physical Properties
LUSTER
1. Luster

✘Quality and intensity of light

reflected from a mineral’s surface. A
mineral with high luster is very
reflective.
✘ Appearance of a mineral’s surface
and is dependent on how it reflects
light.
1. Luster

Common luster
types are:
 Pearly  Adamantine
 Silky  vitreous or
 Dull glassy, and
 Resinous  metallic
 Earthy
Adamantine

Vitreous
Pearly Resinous
COLOR
2. Color

✘Refers to certain wavelengths of light

that are reflected by the material.
✘ It is the most noticeable physical
property of a mineral
✘Often the first thing that people
consider when looking for minerals as
gemstones for jewelry
2. Color

✘Most minerals have a distinctive

color that can be used for
identification.
✘There are cases that color is very
helpful in identification but some
cases color alone is not reliable as a
single identifying characteristic.
Mineral colors can
be classified into
idiochromatic,
allochromatic and
pseudochromatic.
2. Color

Idiochromatic
✘Self-colored minerals
✘Their color is a diagnostic property.
✘This means that the color of a
mineral is constant and it depends on
the elements that make up their
chemical structure
2. Color

Allochromatic

✘ Color is not a reliable diagnostic

property since small impurities
may dramatically alter their
color.Their color is a diagnostic
property.
2. Color

Allochromatic

✘ Allochromatic minerals are often

weakly-colored or colorless in
their pure state, which allows
impurities to pervade them with
color.
2. Color

Pseudochromatic

✘ False-colored minerals
✘ Are not caused by any actual color
in the mineral, but by physical or
optical effects on thin surface
layers of the mineral.
 Bornite
Cu5FeS4
Tarnishes
to an
amazing
green-blue
after
exposure to
the air.
STREAK
3. Streak

✘Color of the powdered mineral.

✘Rubbing the mineral on an abrasive
ceramic tile called streak plate.
✘Streak color is particularly useful in
distinguishing metallic minerals that
look very similar.
3. Streak

✘The color of the mineral is not

always the same as the streak color.
HARDNESS
3. Hardness

✘Defined as a mineral’s ability to

resist scratching or abrasion.

✘ Diamond is the hardest natural

substance known and can scratch all
other minerals.
Mohs Scale

✘The Mohs' hardness scale was

developed in 1822 by Friedrich Mohs.
This scale is a chart of relative
hardness of the various minerals (1 -
softest to 10 - hardest).
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
4. Specific Gravity

✘A measurement that determines the

density of minerals. Two minerals may
be the same size, but their weight may
be very different. The specific gravity
of a mineral determines how heavy
it is by its relative weight to water.
4. Specific Gravity

✘Specific gravity is the ratio of a

minerals’ weight to the weight of an
equal volume of water. Therefore, a
specific gravity of 4 means that a
certain substance is four times
heavier than water.
4. Specific Gravity

✘The specific gravity value is

expressed upon how much greater the
weight of the mineral is to an equal
amount of water. Water has a specific
gravity of 1.0. If a mineral has a specific
gravity of 2.7, it is 2.7 times heavier
than water.
4. Specific Gravity

✘Minerals with a specific gravity

under 2 are considered light, between
2 and 4.5 is average, and greater than
4.5 is heavy.
TENACITY
5. Tenacity

✘Tenacity describes the reaction of a

mineral to stress such as crushing,
bending, breaking, or tearing. Certain
minerals react differently to each type
of stress.
Different forms of Tenacity

1. Brittle - If a mineral is hammered

and the result is a powder or small
crumbs, it is considered brittle.

2. Sectile - Sectile minerals can be

separated with a knife, much like
wax but usually not as soft.
Different forms of Tenacity

3. Malleable - If a mineral can be

flattened by pounding with a
hammer, it is malleable.

4. Ductile - A mineral that can be

stretched into a wire is ductile.
CLEAVAGE
6. Cleavage

✘Tendency of a mineral to split, or cleave,

along planes of weakness. Mineral cleaves
can be done when it is hit with a hammer.
✘Minerals that break easily and cleanly
along one or more planes are said to have
good cleavage; if the break is not defined
the cleavage is poor.
FRACTURE
7. Fracture

✘ Is the pattern in which the mineral

breaks aside from its planes of
cleavage.

✘Unlike cleavage, fracture does not

break along planes; it just breaks
unevenly.
7. Fracture

✘ Various types of fractures exist in nature such

as conchoidal, jagged, uneven and splintery.
Chemical Properties of
Minerals
Chemical Properties

✘ The chemical properties of minerals

depend on their chemical formula and
crystal structure.

✘Solubility and melting point are

chemical properties commonly used
to describe a mineral.
SOLUBILITY
1. Solubililty

✘Refers the ability of a substance to

dissolve in a solvent at a specified
temperature.
MELTING POINT
2. Melting Point

✘The melting point refers to the

temperature at which solid turns into
liquid.

✘Minerals composed of atoms that

are tightly bonded within the crystal
structure have high melting points.
Rocks
 ✘Natural substances
consisting of aggregate
minerals clumped together
with other Earth materials
through natural processes.
Classification of
Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Derived from the Latin word ignis meaning
“fire”
Igneous Rocks

✘Crystallized from magma or molten

or partially molten volcanic materials
that came from within the Earth.

✘They are formed by the cooling of

molten magma on the earth's surface.
Igneous Rocks

✘Igneous rocks are

either crystalline or
pyroclastic.
Igneous Rocks

✘Igneous rocks are either crystalline

when they are formed from cooled
magma or lava.

✘Pyroclastic, when they are made of

consolidated eruption like volcanic ash.
Sedimentary Rocks
From the root word sediments which means
“remaining particles”
Sedimentary Rocks

✘Rocks that have formed from the

deposition of different materials on
Earth’s surface.
✘They come from pre existing rocks
or pieces of dead organisms that have
been lithified or cemented together by
natural processes.
Metamorphic Rocks
Meta means “change” and morph means
“form”
Metamorphic Rocks

✘Rocks that derive from igneous or

sedimentary rocks that were exposed
to high pressure, high temperature or
a combination of both, deep below the
surface of Earth.
Rock Cycle
Rock cycle

✘Is a model that describes all the

processes by which rocks are
formed, modified, transported,
decomposed, melted, and
reformed.
 Formation of
Igneous Rocks
Formation of Igneous Rocks

1. Below the surface, from slowly

cooling magma
2. On the surface, from rapid
cooling lava
3. On the surface, from the
consolidation of particle erupted
by explosive volcanic activity
 Diorite

Granite
Basalt

Andesite

Rhyolite
Formation of Sedimentary
Rocks
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

1. From the cementation that have

deposited, buried, and compacted
over a long period of time
2. From the precipitation of minerals
from ions in solution
3. From the compaction and
cementation of plant and/or animal
remains
Formation of Metamorphic
Rocks
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

1. When the dominant altering

factor is pressure, usually due to
tectonic activity.
2. When the dominant altering
factor is heat, usually from direct
contact between an older rock
and an intruding magma.
ORES
 What is the
difference
between
mineral, ore and
rock?
ORE

✘Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic

solids with a crystalline structure and a
definite range of chemical formula.
✘Ores are concentrations of minerals in
rock that are high enough to be
economically extracted for use.
✘All ores are minerals, but all minerals
are not necessarily ores.
ORE

✘Rocks - A rock is made up of two or more

minerals. You need minerals to make rocks,
but you don't need rocks to make minerals.
All rocks are made of minerals.
ORE

✘Ore- A mineral occurring in sufficient

quantity and containing enough metal to
permit its recovery and extraction at a
profit. Or, a mineral or an aggregate of
minerals from which a valuable constituent,
especially a metal, can be profitably mined
or extracted is an ore.
ORE

✘A rock or a mineral is considered an

ore based on:

1. Overall chemical composition

2. Percentage of extractable resource
with respect to its total volume
3. Market value of the resource
ORE

✘Profitability
determines an ore’s
value.
ORE

1. Hydrothermal fluid circulation

2. Metamorphic processes
3. Magmatic processes
4. Kimberlite magma
5. Chemical sedimentary processes
6. Action of waves or currents
7. Chemical weathering
MINING ORE

1. Prospecting or exploration
2. Drilling
3. Modeling
4. Identifying and assessing the potential
impacts
5. Designing and constructing the mine
6. Ore extraction
7. Milling
8. Mine site decommissioning