VOLCANOES

What is a volcano?
*Is a mountain where lava (hot,
liquid,rock) comes from a magma
chamber under the ground. A volcano
usually has a summit, a slope and base.
*Most volcanoes have a volcanic crater
at the top. When they are active,
materials pour out of it. This includes
lava, steam, gaseous compounds of
sulfur, ash and broken rock pieces.
*Volcanoes erupt when
magma and pressure come
together, and the pressure
blows off the top of solid rock,
and the magma pours out.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES:
SHIELD VOLCANOES
- Are built out of layers of lava from
continual eruptions(without explosions).
Because the lava is so fluid, it spreads
out, often over a wide area. It can
produce huge areas of basalt, which is
usually what lava is when cooled. Even
though their sides are not very steep,
shield volcanoes can be huge.
MT. MAUNA KEA, HAWAII
MT. MAUNA KEA, HAWAII

Is the biggest mountain on Earth. If

it is measured from its base on
the floor of the sea, Mauna Kea is
even taller than Mount Everest,
the tallest mountain on land.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
STRATOVOLCANO
- Also known as as “composite volcano” is
a tall, conical volcano. It is built up of many
layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice
and volcanic ash. Unlike shield vocanoes,
stratovolcanoes have a steep profile and
periodic eruptions.
MT. FUJI, JAPAN
 TYPES OF VOLCANOES
CALDERA
- Is what is left when a huge
stratovolcano blows its top off. It
leaves a crater where the top of
the volcano was before.
MT. KRAKATAO, HAWAII
HOW ARE VOLCANOES
FORMED?
THERE ARE TWO MAIN
PROCESSES:
1st: Volcanoes are made when two tectonic
plates come together. When these two
plates meet, one of them goes under the
continental plate. This is the process of
subduction. Afterwards, it melts and
makes magma, and the pressure builds up
until the magma bursts through the
Earth’s crust.
2nd: The second way is when a
tectonic plate moves over a hot
spot in the Earth’s crust. The hot
spot works it’s way through the
crust until it breaks through. The
caldera of a yellowstone park
was formed in that way; so were
the Hawaiian Islands.
Classification of Volcanoes
A traditional way to classify or
identify volcanoes is by its pattern
of eruptions. Those volcanoes
which may erupt again at any time
are called dormant (inactive). Those
volcanoes which have not erupted
in historical times are called extinct
 Active Volcanoes
 An active volcano is currently erupting, or
it has erupted in the last 10,000 years.An
example of an active volcana is Mount St.
Helens in the United States (US).
 DORMANT VOLCANOES
(inactive)
 A dormant volcano is “sleeping” but it
could awaken in the future. Mount Rainier
in the United States is considered
dormant.
 EXTINCT VOLCANOES
 An extinct has not erupted in the past
10,000 years. Edinburgh Castle in Scotland
is located atop an extinct volcano.
 WHAT DETERMINES THE
NATURE OFF ERUPTION?
 There are many primary factors affecting
the volcanoes eruptive style,namely:the
magma’s temperature, its chemical
composition, the amount of dissolved
gases it contains.These factors can
affect the magma’s viscosity in different
way.
 VISCOSITY
 VISCOSITY is the property of the
materials resistance to flow. It is also
described as the liquid’s thickness and
stickiness. The more viscous and thicker
the material is, the greater is its resistance
to flow
 Effect of Magma’s Temperature to
Viscosity
 The viscosity of magma decreases with
temperature. The higher the temperature
of magma is, the lower is its viscosity. As
lava flows, it cools and begins to harden,
its ability to flow decreases and eventully
stops.
 Effect of the Amount of Gases
Contained in Magma to Viscosity
 Gas(mainly water vapor) dissolved in
magma tends to increase its ability to
flow. Therefore, in near-surface
environments, the loss of gases makes
magma more viscous a dome or a
columnar.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
 PHREARIC or HYDROTHERMAL
- Is a stream-driven eruption, as the
hot rocks come in contact with
water. It is short lived characterized
by ash columns but may be an on set
for a larger eruption.
TAAL VOLCANO
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
 PHREATOMAGMATIC
- Is a violent eruption due to the
contact between water and magma.
As a result, a large column of very
fine ash, high speed and side-way
emission of phyroclatics called based
surges are observed.
MT. FUKUTOKU-OKANOBA
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
 STROMBOLIAN
- a periodic weak to violent
eruption characterized by
fountain lava.
MT. IRAZU
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
 VULCANIAN
- Characterized by tall eruption
columns that reach up to 20 km high
with pyroclastic flow and ash fall
tempra.
MT. PARICUTIN
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION

 PLINIAN
- Excessively explosive type of
eruption of gas and pyroclastics.
MT. PINATUBO
MT. MAYON
MT. BANAHAW
MT. HIBOK-HIBOK