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Group members: Tutor:

Shubham, 163 Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel


Shweta, 164 Department of Civil Engineering
Shyam, 165 IOE, Tribhuvan University
Sita, 166
Sneha, 167 July,2019
Sonal, 168
1
Objectives of the Presentation
To learn about nitrogen
biologicalconcentration in domestic
nitrogen removal process.sewage

To be familiar with nitrification done by autotrophic bacteria

To know about denitrification done by heterotrophic


bacteria

To be clear about physio-chemical technologies


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Introduction
Currently pressure for water is growing in natural
systems and urgent steps must be taken to begin to
implement tried and tested methods of wastewater
treatment before the situation gets out of control. With
the organic pollutants, fixed nitrogen such as
ammonium and nitrate must be removed to avoid the
eutrophication in water bodies.

Also, the current scenario of wastewater treatment is


facing towards the development and use of energy
efficient technologies. Method of pumping air into
wastewater is defined as aeration process and it takes
55.6% of total energy consumption in wastewater
treatment. Nitrogen consumes only 40% of the total
Nitrogen concentration in
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domestic sewage
Total Nitrogen (25 to 50 mg/l)
• Ammonium Nitrogen (15 to 35 mg/l)

• Organic nitrogen (10 to 20 mg/l)

Source of nitrogen in wastewater:


• Human activities (e.g. communities, industrial plants,
intensive livestock and farming, uncontrolled waste
disposal) discharge many pollutants in water including
nitrogen.
Nitrogen concentration in
4
domestic sewage contd.
Source of nitrogen in wastewater:

Source: epa.gov
Nitrogen concentration in
5
domestic sewage contd.
• Nitrogen is one of the causes of eutrophication, while some
N-compounds (e.g. ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate,
chloramines) can be harmful for human health.

Source:eniscuola.net
Nitrogen removal from
6
wastewater

Biological
Process

Wastewater
Treatment
Technologies for
the Removal of
Nitrogen

Physico-
chemical
Process
Biological Nitrogen Removal
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Process
Biological Nitrogen Removal
8
Process contd.
Nitrogen transformation in Biological Treatment:
1. Nitrification by autotrophic bacteria:
Biological Nitrogen Removal
9
Process contd.
Nitrogen transformation in Biological Treatment:
2. Denitrification by heterotrophic bacteria:
N2 + CO2 +H2O + OH +
NO3 + BOD
CELLS

 Occurs under anoxic conditions


 Required mixing and nitrate recycle
 For 1 gram of NO3-N denitrified:
# 3 gm BOD are consumed
# 0.45 gm new cells are produced
# 3.57 gm of alkalinity are formed(50% recovery of
alkalinity consumed in nitrification)
Biological Nitrogen Removal
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Process contd.
Limitations of Biological Treatment:
 Dependence upon bacteria and toxic impurities
 Both aerobic and anoxic condition should be
maintained.
 Efficiency cannot be determined
 The limiting condition for pH is that it should be
maintained between 6 to 8.
 Very high sensitive to change in pH, temperature, DO
level.
 DO level is required to maintained as 1–2 mg/l (anoxic).
 High cost for conversion of ammonia into other forms
before removal.
 Large space requirement
Physico-Chemical Technologies 11

Ammonia air Ammonia Ammonia


and steam vacuum precipitation as
stripping distillation struvite

Ammonia and Chloramine


nitrate removal by Breakpoint removal by
selected ion chlorination selected
exchange activated carbon

Advanced
oxidation process
Ammonia Chemical to convert
adsorption on Reduction of ammonia and
charcoal Nitrate organic-N into
nitrogen gas or
nitrate
TECHNOLOGIES
REVIEW
1. Ammonia air and steam
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stripping
Ammonia Stripping:
• In ammonia stripping, lime
or some other caustic
substance is generally
added to the wastewater
until pH reaches 10.8-11.5
standard units, converting
ammonium hydroxide ions
to ammonia gas according
to the equilibrium reaction:
Figure 1. Free ammonia fraction as
a function of temperature and pH

NH+4 + OH- H2O + NH3


1. Ammonia air and steam
13
stripping
Ammonia Stripping:

Source: scielo.br
1. Ammonia air and steam
14
stripping
Applications:
most extensive applications in concentrated wastewater
treatment (e.g. landfill leachate, supernatants of
anaerobic digestion processes, specific flows of the
petrochemical industry),
very few applications in sewage treatment
Efficiency:
Efficiency of ammonia stripping depends mainly on pH
and temperature, in addition to the dimensioning criteria
of the process (e.g. liquid rate, air/liquid ratio, packing
height, packing characteristics).
1. Ammonia air and steam
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stripping
Limitations:
1. Formation of CaCO3 scale on the tower packing,
resulting in a progressive loss of stripping
performance, with the need of frequent chemical
cleaning operations
2. Air stripping cannot be performed in freezing
conditions when icing of the lower packing strata may
occur, resulting in a dramatic reduction of process
performance
3. It should be considered that the resulting free
dispersion of ammonia into the atmosphere may be
unacceptable in many areas due to air quality
concerns or regulations.
1. Ammonia stripping in closed
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loop
Ammonia Stripping in closed loop:
• Closed loop systems are designed to avoid the
limitations of above process. Air stripping is often used
in the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW)
landfill leachate(or groundwater polluted by the same
leachate).
• The system consists of: coagulation-flocculation at pH
> 11; water heating at 38°C; ammonia air stripping;
ammonia recovery by absorption with a sulfuric acid
solution. We can obtain a reduction of ammonia from
199 mg/L(as N) down to 22.5 mg/L (as N).
• High ammonia removal efficiencies (greater than 95%)
can be achieved by operating at 38°C with liquid rates
below 4.5 m3 m-2 h-1 and air/water ratios above 1,500
Nm3 m-3
1. Ammonia stripping in closed
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loop

Fig: Diagram of a physico-chemical process for leachate treatment with


wastewater pre-heating and a closed loop air stripping process
Source: scielo.br
1. Ammonia stripping in closed
18
loop
Limitations:
1. The plant showed severe scaling issues producing
an 18% loss of ammonia removal efficiency, caused
by the reduction of both the packing interfacial
surface and the air/water ratio due to head loss
increase.
2. Closed-loop air recirculation allowed the water
temperature inside the column to be maintained in
the range of 25-38°C, even during winter, but caused
a gradual decrease of the solution's pH within the
tower. This was due to the acidic characteristics of
the stripping air coming from the ammonia
absorption tower.
2. Ammonia Precipitation as
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Struvite

• Precipitation of NH4+ as Magnesium Ammonium


Phosphate(MAP) ,also named as Struvite

Mg2+ + PO43- + NH4+ + 6H2O MgNH4PO4.6H2O


2. Ammonia Precipitation as
20
Struvite cont..

Fig: Diagram of process of struvite precipitation


and recovery
3.Ion exchange for ammonia and
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nitrate removal

• Ion exchange using zeolites is a technologically


simple process for ammonia removal

• Zeolites have a porous structure that can


accommodate a wide variety of cations (eg:- Na+ ,K+
,Ca2+ ,Mg2+ and others).
3.Ion exchange for ammonia and
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nitrate removal
4.Chemical Oxidation of
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Ammonia
4.1 Ammonia and Chloramines removal by
Activated Carbon
• Activated Carbon (AC) is commonly used for the
adsorption of ammonia gas, while the aqueous
phase adsorption is generally considered
ineffective due to ammonia’s strong affinity with
water.
• Adsorption of aqueous ammonia is obtained
with bamboo charcoal carbonized at 400֯ C,
subsequently treated with diluted sulfuric acid
to enhance its adsorption properties

AC + 2Cl2 +2H2O 4HCl +CO2


AC + 4NHCl2 2N2 +8H+ +8Cl- +CO2
4.Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia
24
contd.
4.2 Breakpoint Chlorination for Ammonia removal
• Breakpoint chlorination is a widely used process that
oxidizes ammonia to nitrogen gas , thus removing it
from waste water
NH4+ +1.5HOCl 0.5N2 +1.5H20 +2.5H+ +1.5Cl-
Stoichiometrically, a
Cl2:NH3-N weight ratio of
7.6:1 is required to oxidize
ammonia to nitrogen gas
4.Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia
25
contd.
4.3 Advanced Oxidation Process
• Many advanced chemical oxidation processes for
the conversion of ammonia and N-organic into
nitrogen gas or nitrate have been proposed and
applied: ozonation , catalytic wet air oxidation ,
photocatalytic oxidation, and electrochemical
oxidation.
5.Chemical Reduction of Nitrate
26

• Nitrate is a weak oxidizing ion: therefore , in order to


react with reducing agents and produce nitrogen gas
or ammonia, it requires the presence of catalyst or
improved thermodynamic conditions ( pressure and
temperature). For this purpose, reducing agents that
have been experimentally applied under

1. Acidic condition are: formic acid, iron metal,


methanol, and ammonium ion;
2. Alkaline conditions are: aluminum, zinc, iron, iron(II),
ammonia, hydrazine, glucose, and hydrogen.
6.Comparision between
27
biological and physico-chemical
processes
PARAMETE BIOLOGICAL PHYSICO-
RS PROCESS CHEMICAL
PROCESS
1. RATE SLOW RAPID
2. NH4+ to NO2- to MAINLY NH4+ to NH3
REMOVED NO3- to N2
PHASE
3. COST HIGH RELATIVELY LOW
4. EFFECT TOXIC NOT MUCH
OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS ARE EFFECT
COMPOUND UNDESIRABLE AS
S IT KILLS BACTERIA
5. HIGHLY SENSITIVE PREDICTABLE AND
6.Comparision between
27
biological and physico-chemical
processes BIOLOGICAL
PARAMETER PHYSICO-
S PROCESS CHEMICAL
PROCESS
6. SPACE MORE LESS
REQUIRED
7. TIME FEW DAYS FEW HOURS
REQUIRED
8. NO YES
CHEMICALS
USED

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