MINERAL RESOURCES

Definition, characteristics, mining pro

cess, use & exploitation
Margelino K.
2019.11.09
 01 Definition

CONTENTS
02 Categories

03 Characteristics

04 Classifications
CONTENTS

05 Mining Process

06 Use and Exploitati

on
 01
Definition of Minerals
Definition

 More than two-th  Formed by a natural p

ousand minerals h One definition of rocess (Except for ant
ave been identifie a mineral encom hropogenic compoun
d and most of thes passes the follo ds).
e are inorganic, wh  Stable or metastable
wing criterias: at room temperature
ich are formed by t
(25 °C). In the simples
he various combin
t sense, this means th
ation of elements. e mineral must be soli
 However, a small p d.
roportion of the ea  Represented by a che
rth’s crust contai mical formula.
ns organic material  Ordered atomic arran
1 s, consist of single 2 gement.
 Usually abiogenic (no
elements such as g
t resulting from the a
old, silver, diamon ctivity of living organi
d, and sulfur. sms) or inorganic.
 02
Categories of Minerals
Categories
Categories

There are metals that are hard which c Metallic Resou

onduct electricity and heat with charact
eristics of luster or shine. Such metals ar
e called metallic minerals.
For example Silver, Chromium, Tin, Ni
ckel, Copper, Iron, Lead, Aluminum, Gol
d, and Zinc.
rces
Characteristics of Metallic Minerals
 Metallic Minerals show a metallic shine i
n their appearance.
 The potential source of the metal is thro
ugh mining.
 Contains metals in their chemical compo
sition.
 Metallic minerals contain metal in raw fo
rm.
Categories

Metallic Resou
rces
Classification of metallic minerals

Ferrous Non-ferrou
02
01 sMinerals that do not co
Minerals that contain iro
ntain iron are called as n
n are called ferrous min
on- ferrous minerals. Ex
eral. Example of ferrous
ample of nonferrous mi
minerals are Chromites,
nerals are lead, silver, g
Iron ore, and manganes
old, and copper.
e.
Categories

There is a group of chemical elements

which when melted do not generate a n
ew product. Such special groups are call Non-metallic
Resources
ed Nonmetallic minerals.

Example: Dimension stone, halite, san

d, gypsum, uranium, gravel
Characteristics of non-metallic Minerals

 Minerals appear with a non-metallic shin

e or luster
 Do not contain extractable metals in thei
r chemical composition
Categories
COAL

CRUDE OIL (P
ETROLEUM)

NATURAL G
AS

Fuel minerals like coal, oil and natural gas have been given prime importance
as they account for nearly 87% of the value of mineral production whereas m
etallic and non-metallic constitutes 6 to 7%.
 03
Characteristics of Minerals
Characteristi
cs
COLOR
Certain wavelengths of li
ght are reflected by the
atoms of a mineral's crys
tal lattice while others ar
e absorbed. Those wavel
engths of light which are
reflected are perceived
by the viewer to possess
the property of color.
STREAK
Streak is the color which
a mineral displays when i
t has been ground to a fi
ne powder. Trace amoun
ts of impurities do not te
nd to affect the streak of
a mineral, so this charact
eristic is usually more pr
edictable than color.
LUSTER
Minerals are either opaque or
transparent. Relative differenc
es in opacity and transparency
are described as luster. The ch
aracteristic of luster provides
a qualitative measure of the a
mount and quality of light whi
ch is reflected from a mineral'
s exterior surfaces.
DENSITY
The property of density is defined
as mass per unit volume. Native e
lements are relatively dense. Min
erals whose chemical compositio
n contains heavy metals, or atom
s possessing an atomic number g
reater than iron (Fe, atomic numb
er 26), are relatively dense.
HARDNESS
Hardness is defined as th
e level of difficulty with
which a smooth surface
of a mineral specimen m
ay be scratched. Hardnes
s has historically been m
easured according to the
Mohs scale. Mohs' meth
od relies upon a scratch
test to relate the hardne
ss of a mineral specimen
to the hardness of one o
f a set of reference miner
als. Hardness may also b
e measured according to
the more quantitative bu
t less accessible diamon
d indentation method.
Characteristi
cs
FRACTURE CRYSTAL HABIT
CLEAVAGE Fracture takes place when a m
The term crystal habit de
ineral sample is split in a direc
tion which does not serve as a scribes the favored grow
Cleavage refers to the s th pattern of the crystals
plitting of a crystal alon plane of perfect or distinct cle
avage. A mineral fractures wh of a mineral species. The
g a smooth plane. A clea crystals of particular min
vage plane is a plane of en it is broken or crushed. Fra
cture does not result in the e eral species sometimes f
structural weakness alon orm very distinctive, char
g which a mineral is likel mergence of clearly demarcat
ed planar surfaces; minerals m acteristic shapes. Crystal
y to split. The quality of habit is also greatly dete
a mineral's cleavage refe ay fracture in any possible dir
ection. rmined by the environm
rs both to the ease with ental conditions under w
which the mineral cleave hich a crystal develops.
s and to the character of TENACITY
the exposed surface. No
The characteristic of tenacity desc
t every mineral exhibits
ribes the physical behavior of a m
cleavage.
ineral under stress or deformatio
n. Most minerals are brittle; metal
s, in contrast, are malleable, ducti
le, and sectile.
 04
Classification of Minerals
 Mineral Classification
 With over 3,000 different types of minerals, mineralogi
sts use the Dana system to rganize these minerals into
families based on their chemical composition.
 There are different grouping systems in use but the Da
na system is the most commonly used.
 This system was devised by Professor James Dana of Y
ale University way back in 1848.
 The Dana system divides minerals into eight basic class
es.
Classification
s
This is the category of th
e pure. Most minerals ar
e made up of combinatio
ns of chemical elements.
In this group a single ele
ment like the copper sho
wn here are found in a n
aturally pure form.

Native Elements
Classification
s

This is the largest group

of minerals. Silicates are
made from metals combi
ned with silicon and oxyg
en. There are more silicat
es than all other minerals
put together.

Silicates
Classification
s

Oxides form from the co

mbination of a metal wit
h oxygen. This group ran
ges from dull ores like ba
uxite to gems like rubies
and sapphires.

Oxides
Classification
s
Sulfides are made of com
pounds of sulfur usually
with a metal. They tend t
o be heavy and brittle. Se
veral important metal or
es come from this group.

Sulfides
Classification
s

Sulfates are made of com

pounds of sulfur combine
d with metals and oxyge
n. It is a large group of mi
nerals that tend to be sof
t, and translucent

Sulfates
Classification
s
Halides form from halogen ele
ments like chlorine, bromine, f
luorine, and iodine combined
with metallic elements. They a
re very soft and easily dissolve
d in water. Halite is a well kno
wn example of this group. Its c
hemical formula is NaCl or sodi
um chloride commonly known
as table salt.

Halides
Classification
s
Carbonates are a group o
f minerals made of carbo
n, oxygen, and a metallic
element. This calcite kno
wn as calcium carbonate
is the most common of t
he carbonate group.

Carbonates
Classification
s
Phosphates are not as co
mmon in occurrence as th
e other families of mineral
s. They are often formed
when other minerals are b
roken down by weatherin
g. They are often brightly c
olored.

Phosphates
Classification
s
Mineraloids is the term u
sed for those substances
that do not fit neatly into
one of these eight classes
. Opal, jet, amber, and m
other of pearl all belong t
o the mineraloids.

Mineraloids
 05
Mining Process
How Minerals Are Extra
cted From Earth

There are several different

ways minerals can be extrac
ted from the earth, but the
two main methods are calle
d surface mining and subsur
face mining.
Mining Process

Extracting Surface Mi
nerals 1
Surface Mini
ng

2
Subsurface mining
Extracting Minerals D
eep Underground
Mining Process

Surface Mining
 Surface mining is removing minerals that are near the ear
th's surface because this is where the ore deposits are loc
ated. When the ore deposits are very large, open-pit mini
ng is utilized. A large, open pit is created as machines scra
pe off any earth that is not ore and set it to the side. This
material is called overburden, and as the overburden is sc
raped off, it's piled into spoil banks.

Subsurface Mining
 In subsurface mining, a long tunnel is created either horizon
tally or vertically. The tunnel walls are reinforced with wood
and ventilation shafts are created to provide air to the mine
rs underground. The minerals themselves are removed a nu
mber of different ways.
 06
Use and Exploitation
Use and Exploitation
 Minerals are naturally
occurring elements or  Use of mineral resourc
compounds that have
been formed through s
low inorganic processe
s. Modern civilization i
s based on the use and
exploitation of mineral
resources. Minerals ca
n be metallic and non-
metallic.
 Minerals are not evenl
y distributed in the Ear
th. Some countries are
rich in mineral deposit
s whereas others are d
evoid of it.
 Extraction of minerals i
es is an integral part an s carried out through
d one of the key premi mining. Minerals are e
ses of development w xtracted from beneath
orldwide. With rapid in the surface, processed,
crease in population a and used for different
nd a more rapid increa purposes.
se in society’s develop
ment needs, the requir  Mineral resources, ho
ements for minerals ha wever, are exhaustible
ve grown and diversifi and finite, which mean
ed manifold. s excessive use may aff
ect their availability in
the future.
Use and Exploitati
on
FOOD
Just like vitamins, minerals
help your body grow, deve
lop, and stay healthy. The
body uses minerals to perf
orm mamy different functi
ons from building strong b
ones to transmitting nerve
impulses. Some minerals a
re even used to make hor
mones or maintain a norm
Uses of Minerals
AGRICULTURE
Phosphate rock, potash and
lime are used in agricultural
fertilisers and other mineral
products are used to impro
ve soil. The water you drink
uses minerals to make it cle
an.
INDUSTRY CONSTRUCTION
The industry relies on cert Minerals are used in buildin
ain minerals such as iron a g houses, schools, libraries,
nd silica in the manufactur hospitals, offices and shops.
ing of autos, microwaves, t Buildings use a wide range
elevisions, and water fauce of minerals:
ts. Minerals like aluminum iron (as steel) in the framew
and copper are used for c ork of large building,
omputer and transportatio clay in bricks and roofing til
es,
n industries
slate for roofing tiles,
limestone,
Use and Exploitation

Top Ten 10 AMPHIBOLE

most abu
ndant min
erals on E
arth
9 PYROXENE
Use and Exploitation

Top Ten 8 HAEMATITE

most abu
ndant min
erals on E
arth
7 MAGNETITE
Use and Exploitation

Top Ten 6 CALCITE

most abu
ndant min
erals on E
arth
5 BIOTITE
Use and Exploitation

Top Ten 4 MUSCOVITE

most abu
ndant min
erals on E
arth
3 OLIVINE
Use and Exploitation

Top Ten 2 QUARTZ

most abu
ndant min
erals on E
arth
1 FELDPSAR
Use and Exploitatio Although, the exploitation of

n
minerals began at a slow pac
e during the industrial revolu
tion in Western countries, d
uring the 20th century, the e
Exploitation of mineral res
xploitation of some minerals
ources at a mindless speed
, especially the fossil fuels in
to meet the growing needs
creased exponentially to me
of modern civilization has r
et the growing energy need.
esulted in many environm
ental problems.

Today, about 80% of t

Exploitation of mineral
refers to the use of mi
neral resources for eco
nomic growth.
he world’s energy con
sumption is sustained
by the extraction of fo
ssil fuels, which consis
ts of oil, coal, and gas.
Use and Exploitation

Excessive exploitation of mine

ral resources has led to the fol
lowing severe problems:
Use and Exploitati
on
Deforestation Soil Erosion Ozone deplet
ion
Desertificatio Environmenta
Wastage of up
n l pollution
per soil layer
Rapid depletion
of high grade m Natural hazar
inerals Wastage of v
egetation ds

Extinction of sp Oil Depletion Greenhouse g

Forced migr as increase
ecies
ation
Use and Exploitation

How do we avoid exploi

t a t i o n ?
Use and Exploitati
on
Stricter
regulations o
Penalize and detain violating miners, either large or small-scale
r policies in c
miners, for doing the smallest violations.
ontrolling mi
ning..
Preserve coas
Reduce Depend Preserve trees tal ecosystem
ency on Fossil F and forests s
uels

Mandatory tree-planting and other environ Get involved Keep Our Wat
mental-friendly conditions to be imposed o er Clean
n large and small-scale mining firms.
Mineral Resources
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se-and-exploitation-with-statistics-and-diagra
m/28169
https://www.mpp.mpg.de/~bangert/Mineralog
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https://byjus.com/chemistry/mineral-resources/
https://www.rocksandminerals4u.com/mineral_
classification.html
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_
studies/environmental_studies_mineral_resourc
es.htm

https://study.com/academy/lesson/extraction-p
rocessing-of-minerals-surface-mining-subsurfa Brainly.ph - https://brainly.ph/
ce-mining-smelting.html
question/786296#readmore
https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mineralsyou/
whydo.html
http://listden.com/top-10-minerals-that-are-fo
und-in-abundance-on-earth/