ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

(Program Core III)

Prof. R. Ponnusamy
Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.
CVR College of Engineering

Lecture 1 - Introduction
Resources
 Main Text:
 Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach, S. Russel and P.
Norvig, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2010.
 Artificial Intelligence, Elaine Rich, Kevin Knight, Shivashankar
B. Nair, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2017.
 Other Main References:
 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Vinod Chandra.
S.S, Anand Hareendran.S., PHI Publishers, 2014.
 Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for complex
problem solving, G. Luger, 4 th Edition, Pearson Education,
2002.
 Artificial Intelligence: A new Synthesis, J. Nilsson, Elsevier
Publishers, 1998.
 Allied Disciplines
Philosophy Knowledge Rep., Logic, Foundation of
AI (is AI possible?)
Maths Search, Analysis of search algos, logic
Economics Expert Systems, Decision Theory,
Principles of Rational Behavior
Psychology Behavioristic insights into AI programs
Brain Science Learning, Neural Nets
Physics Learning, Information Theory & AI,
Entropy, Robotics
Computer Sc. & Engg. Systems for AI
 Intelligence
 Intelligence has been defined in many ways to include the
capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning,
emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, and
problem solving. It can be more generally described as the
ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as
knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an
environment or context.

 Abstract Intelligence activities : Learning, Understanding,

Planning, Decision Making, Reasoning, Inference, Prediction,
Classification, Creative, Thinking, Emotional, Rational, Acting,
Perceiving, Visualize, Problem Solving and etc.
Areas of AI and their Inter-Dependencies

Knowledge
Search Logic Representation

Machine
Learning & Planning &
Prediction Decision
Making

Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
 Topics to be covered
 Introduction
 Foundations of AI
 History
 Intelligent Agents
 Agents & Environments
 Structure of Agents
 Solving Problems by Searching
 Problem Solving Agents
 Searching for Solutions
 Informed and Uninformed Searching
 Heuristic Functions.
What is AI?
Acting humanly:The Turing Test
approach
 Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing TURING
TEST (1950)
 A computer passes the test if a human
interrogator, after posing some written
questions, cannot tell whether the written
responses come from a person or from a
computer.
 Both human and machine try to act like a human,
Judge tries to tell which is which.
 Turing’s test deliberately avoided direct physical
interaction between the interrogator and the computer.
Acting humanly: The Turing Test
approach
 Computational models of human behaviour
 Programs that behave (externally) like humans.

 This is the original idea from Turing and the

well known Turing Test is to use to verify this

Turing Test

"Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans

Apart“ - CAPTCHA
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 Expected Capabilities
 The computer would need to possess the following
capabilities:
 Natural Language Processing to enable it to
communicate successfully in English.
 Knowledge Representation to store what it knows

or hears.
 Automated Reasoning to use the stored information
to answer questions and to draw Reasoning new
conclusions.
 Machine Learning to adapt to new circumstances and
to detect and extrapolate patterns.
 Computer Vision to perceive objects.
 Robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
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 Thinking humanly: The cognitive
modeling approach
 Once we have a sufficiently precise theory of the mind, it becomes
possible to express the theory as a computer program.
 If the program’s input–output behavior matches corresponding
human behavior, that is evidence that some of the program’s
mechanisms could also be operating in humans.
 The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings together computer
models from AI and experimental techniques from psychology to
construct precise and testable theories of the human mind.
 Real cognitive science, however, is necessarily based on experimental
investigation of actual humans or animals.
 Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, who developed GPS, the “General
Problem Solver” (Newell and Simon, 1961), were not content merely to
have their program solve problems correctly.
 Thinking rationally: The “laws of
thought” approach
 What means “behave rationally” for a
person/system:
 Take the right/ best action to achieve the goals, based

on his/its knowledge and belief

 Example. Assume I don’t like to get wet (my goal), so I
bring an umbrella (my action). Do I behave rationally?
 The answer is dependent on my knowledge and belief
 If I’ve heard the forecast for rain and I believe it, then
bringing the umbrella is rational.
 If I’ve not heard the forecast for rain and I do not believe
that it is going to rain, then bringing the umbrella is not
rational.

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 Thinking rationally: The “laws of
thought” approach
Note on behave rationally or rationality
 “Behave rationally” does not always achieve the goals

successfully
 Example.

 My goals – (1) do not get wet if rain; (2) do not be looked

stupid (such as bring an umbrella when no raining).
 My knowledge/belief – weather forecast for rain and I believe
it.
 My rational behaviour – bring an umbrella.
 The outcome of my behaviour: If rain, then my rational
behaviour achieves both goals; If not rain, then my rational
behaviour fails to achieve the 2nd goal.
 The successfulness of “behave rationally” is limited by my
knowledge and belief
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 Thinking rationally: The “laws of
thought” approach
Note on behave rationally or rationality
 Another limitation of “behave rationally” is the

ability to compute/ find the best action

 In chess-playing, it is sometimes impossible to find the best action
among all possible actions
 So, what we can really achieve in AI is the limited
rationality
 Acting based to your best knowledge/belief (best guess

sometimes)
 Acting in the best way you can subject to the

computational constraints that you have

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 Thinking rationally: The “laws of
thought” approach
 Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to attempt
to codify “right thinking”
 Developed Syllogisms provided patterns for argument
structures that always yielded correct conclusions when
given correct premises.
 Example :
 “Socrates is a man; All men are mortal; therefore,

Socrates is mortal.”
 These laws of thought were LOGIC supposed to govern
the operation of the mind; their study initiated the field
called logic.
 Acting rationally: The rational agent
approach
 Computer agents are expected to do more, operate,
autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a
prolonged time period, adapt to RATIONAL AGENT change,
and create and pursue goals.

 A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best

outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected
outcome.