DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

 OBJECTIVES
At the end of lecture, the Barangay Officials
must be able to:
1. Identify the hazards/disasters in their locality and
relate these to the overall disaster situation in the
Philippines;
2. Define the key concepts needed to understand
and analyze the local and national disaster situation;

3. Define the roles and responsibilities of the

barangays
LOCAL DISASTER SITUATION
 HAZARDS

• A hazard is “a potentially damaging physical event,

phenomenon, or human activity that may cause the
loss of life or injury, property damage, social and
economic disruption or environmental
degradation.”

• Various types of hazards and disasters that can

occur: natural and human-induced
 HAZARDS
• Natural hazards are naturally-occurring events
or phenomena originating from the following:

• Geological processes
• Earthquake
• Volcanic eruption
 HAZARDS
• Hydro-meteorological factors
• Typhoon
• Thunderstorms
• Tornadoes
• Storm Surge
• Hailstorm
• La Niña
• El Niño
 HAZARDS
• Biological phenomena
• Bird Flu
• Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS)
• Ebola Pandemic
 HAZARDS
Human-induced hazards may be
categorized into:

• Technological hazards
• Oil spills
• Nuclear meltdowns
• Train accidents
• Fire resulting from an explosion
 HAZARDS

• Armed conflict
• Terrorist activities
• Rebel secession
• Mass killings, forcing many
people to flee to safe places
 DISASTER SITUATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• ‘Silent disasters’
• The small-scale floods
on a daily basis which
are usually caused by
continuous rain or
tidal fluctuation, or
not-so-strong
typhoons.
 DISASTER RISK PROFILE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
WORLD RISK INDEX

RANK COUNTRY RISK (%)

1 Vanuatu 32.00

2 Tonga 29.08

3 Philippines 24.32

4 Solomon Islands 23.51

5 Guatemala 20.88

6 Bangladesh 17.45

7 Timor-Leste 17.45

8 Costa Rica 16.75

9 Cambodia 16.58

10 El Salvador 16.49
ALICIA RISK PROFILE
BARANGAY AFFECTED MALE FEMALE TOTAL
FAMILES
Antonino 76 158 168 326

Apanay 22 43 35 78

Aurora 28 77 75 152

Bagnos 37 73 71 144

Bonifacio 51 121 106 227

Calaocan 25 56 53 109

MH Delpillar 20 38 54 92

Paddad 23 39 46 85

Rizal 39 79 71 150

Salvacion 9 29 16 45

Sna Antonio 32 75 67 142

San 19 33 35 68
Fernando
Sta Cruz 3 4 4 8
 ALICIA RISK PROFILE
Sta Maria 4 9 6 15

TOTAL 388 834 807 1641

DISASTER SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The Philippines ranked third, out of 173 countries in

the world, in terms of exposure to hazards (In 2012)

• Ranked 2nd second in terms of typhoons and

earthquake, 5th in terms of tsunami, and 8th in terms
of flooding

• 24th in terms of exposure to landslide and 33rd to

drought
DISASTER SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire and

world’s busiest typhoon belt.

• 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ)

• The number of active faults and trenches (deep

ditches) in the country makes us susceptible to
major earthquakes.

• 23 out of 300 active volcanoes in the country

 KEY POINTS
• We see that in our own communities, we have
experienced different kinds of hazards/disasters such
as floods, typhoon, earthquake, and storm surge.
Some were bad, some worse and some worst or
very bad. We can say that their severity is gauged by
the effects they had on our families, community and
society.

• These hazards and disasters are also experienced in

other parts of our country. We see that the
Philippines is prone to hazards because of its
location and geological features such as the presence
of the fault zone and active volcanoes
 KEY POINTS

• Many places in our country are prone to not just one

but multiple hazards. It is important to be prepared
for each one.

• Hazards may be natural or human-induced or a

combination of both. While hazards do not
automatically lead to loss of life or economic
disruption, steps must be taken to reduce the
vulnerabilities of the threatened communities and
minimize the damage to them.
 WHAT IS A HAZARD?
• “A potentially damaging
physical event,
phenomenon, or human
activity that may cause the
loss of life or injury,
property damage, social
and economic disruption,
or environmental
degradation”
 WHAT IS A DISASTER?
• “A serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society causing widespread
human, material, economic, or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own
resources” (UNISDR) United Nations
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
HAZARD VS DISASTER
• Not all hazards can become disasters. A hazard
may only become a disaster when it causes
serious disruption and damage, and the ability of
the community to cope is not in place.
WHAT IS VULNERABILTY?
• The inability of a community to cope when a hazard
occurs

• Refers to the “characteristics and circumstances of

a community, system, or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard” (RA
10121, 2010, section no.3).
EXAMPLES OF VULNERABILITY
• Unsafe design and construction of houses and
buildings

• Lack of safe planning for settlements/housing

• Conflict in the community

• Lack of knowledge and skills on preparedness and

protective measures
 EXAMPLES OF VULNERABILITY
·

• Attitude of helplessness, dependence and indifference

• Social inequity

• Poverty

• Low level of literacy

• Lack of knowledge on risks and unsafe practices

 WHAT IS CAPACITY?
• The capability and coping ability of a community to
manage when disaster hits

• The ability of the households and communities to

cope when hazards occur

• “combination of all the strengths, attributes and

resources available within a community, society or
organization that can be used to achieve agreed
goals” (RA 10121, 2010, section no. 3)
 EXAMPLES OF CAPACITY
• Permanent Housing

• Ownership of land

• Adequate food and income source

• Family capacity

• Family and community support in times of crisis

 EXAMPLES OF CAPACITY
• Local knowledge and skills

• Responsive local government

(strong BLGU)

• Strong community organizations (POs, CSOs)

• Strong participation of commonly

vulnerable groups such as children, women,
PWDs
 CAPACITY

• The more vulnerable a community is, the more

likely it will experience disasters.

• On the other hand, the more capacitated a

community is, the less vulnerable it would be from
the impact of disasters.
 WHAT IS EXPOSURE?
• “the degree to which a community is likely to
experience hazard events of different magnitudes.”

• It refers to the physical location and characteristics of

a community that “exposes” it to hazards
 WHAT IS DISASTER RISK?
• It is dependent on the strength of hazard; and extent
of exposure, vulnerability, and capacity of a
community to withstand the onslaught of the
hazard.

Disaster Risk (DR) = Hazard x Vulnerability

Capacity
 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT(DRRM)

• The aims are:

- To save lives;
- To reduce human misery;
- To minimize damage to property and
economic loss; and
- To facilitate recovery and rehabilitation
toward development.
 DRRM FOUR MAJOR PHASES

• Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

• Disaster Preparedness

• Disaster Response

• Rehabilitation and Recovery

 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
Policies, ordinances, laws Contingency Planning
Risk assessment EWS, evacuation plan
Pre-disaster
DRRM planning Trainings, drills, simulation
Dredging, cleanup Inventory, stockpiling
Infrastructure Public Awareness

Relocation Medical services

Structural retrofitting Psychological support
During / Post-disaster Alternative livelihood
Sustainable livelihood
Infrastructure rehabilitation Temporary shelter
Relief Delivery Operations
 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

• Prevention and mitigation measures can lessen

the threat of hazards through long-term solutions
intended to lower the vulnerability of a
community.

• May be structural or non-structural

 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

Construction of Dikes

Declogging of Waterways
MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

Planting Trees
 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

• “the knowledge and capacities developed by

governments, professional response and recovery
organizations, communities and individuals to
effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from,
the impacts of likely, imminent, or current hazard
events or conditions” (UNISDR, no date)
 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
Public Awareness
and Early Warning

Community Vulnerability, Capacity

and Adaptation Assessment
MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Contingency Plan(per
hazard), Training and
education, and drills

Logistics support and

stockpile
 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
DISASTER RESPONSE

• “The provision of emergency services and public

assistance during or immediately after a disaster in
order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure
public safety, and meet the basic subsistence needs
of people affected” (RA 10121, section no. 3).
 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
DISASTER RESPONSE

Damage Needs
Capacity Assessment
(DANA)
MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
DISASTER RESPONSE

Search and Rescue

 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
DISASTER RESPONSE

Psycho-social Counseling
(comforting, critical stress
debriefing, prayers

Setting up of Emergency
Operations Center (for
major disasters)
REHABILITATION AND
RECOVERY

• Livelihood Training
• Debris Clearing
• Relocation
 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY

• Refers to measures taken after a disaster to

“restore or improve the pre-disaster living
conditions of a stricken community, while
encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments
to reduce disaster risk” (UNISDR, no date).
 MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY
Actions under this phase include:
• Resumption of the provision of basic services

• Repair of physical damage and community

facilities

• Revival of economic activities and

development/improvement of DRRM
mechanisms
LEGAL BASES FOR THE
BARANGAY
Republic Act 10174
Peoples Survival Fund
Signed into law in 2012
 Key partners
in disaster
risk reduction

National Local
Government Government
RA
10121

Civil Society Community


PD 1566
Organization of national,
regional and local DCCs
Preparation of National
Calamities and Disaster
Preparedness Plan by OCD
and implementing plans by
NDCC member agencies and
local DCCs
Conduct of periodic drills and
exercises by concerned
agencies and local DCCs
Authority for LGUs to program
funds for disaster
preparedness activities (e.g.
establishment of DOCs,
training of DCC response
teams
RA 10121
Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of
humanitarian assistance
Good governance through transparency and accountability
Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM
Integrated, coordinated, multi-sectoral, inter-
agency, and community-based approach to
disaster risk reduction
Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil
society organizations (CSOs) as key partners in disaster
risk reduction
Integration of the DRRM into the educational system
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (DRRMF)
at the national and local levels
Providing for provisions on the declaration of a state of
calamity, remedial measures, prohibited acts and penalties
 RA 10121
PD 1566
Overseeing Implementing

National DCC OCD (Secretariat) National DRRMC National OCD

Regional DCC Regional DRRMC Regional OCD

Provincial DCC Provincial DRRMC Provincial

DRRMO
City/Municipal City/Municipal City/Municipal
DCC DRRMC DRRMO

Barangay Barangay DRRM

Barangay DCC Development Committee
Council
LDRRMC
Members
(Sec. 11(a)
Other Members
(Rule 5, Sec. 2.1)
- P Dir/C/M
Officer DILG
- P Dir/C/M
Officer DENR
- PCG or Forest
Guard
- Sanggunian
representative
Barangay Development Council
(BDC)

• Spearhead the planning

• Headed/Chaired by the PB
• Members
– Sangguniang barangay
– NGO/PO working within the
barangay
– Representative of the Congressman
Funds (Section 21/LDRMM Fund)
Quick
Implementation of Response
LDRRM Plan Fund
30%
30%
Disaster
Mitigation
Preparedness
70%
Mitigationand
Prepared…
post-disaster activities:
payment of premiums on
• calamity insurance
• construction of evacuation centers
 WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

• “the deviation from the normal trend of climate

variables (such as temperature, humidity) which is
attributed directly or indirectly to human activity
that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to the natural
climate variability over comparable periods of time”
(United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change)
 WHAT CAUSES RAPID CLIMATE
CHANGE?
Greenhouse effect which results in rapid rise in
global temperature
• Presence of excessive
greenhouse gasses ---
carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide,
etc. in the earth’s
atmosphere which
traps the sun’s heat
 WHAT ARE THE HUMAN ACTVITIES THAT RESULT
IN INCREASED RISK OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Burning of fuels such as coal, oil, and gas

• Industrial processes which generate human-made gas

• Raising farm animals and use of pesticides and
• chemical fertilizers
• Deforestation
 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND IMPACT OF RAPID
CLIMATE CHANGE?

• Ice melts in the arctic making sea level rise

• Sea water warms and evaporates more rapidly, which

leads to the increase in number and intensity of
typhoons, hurricanes, and all tropical storms

• Extreme weather
patterns
 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND IMPACT OF RAPID
CLIMATE CHANGE?

Rising seas and extreme weather conditions affect our:

• Agriculture and food
security (decrease in or
destruction of crop yields
and livestock, higher demand
for irrigation)

• Health (weather-related
deaths, infectious diseases,
mosquito-bite or parasite-
related ailments, air quality- https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7063/6907

respiratory illnesses) 093395_8916ba254c_o.jpg

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND IMPACT OF RAPID
CLIMATE CHANGE?

• Coastal Areas (erosion of beaches, inundated

coastal lands, cost to defend coastal communities)

• Forest (change in forest composition and coverage)

 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND IMPACT OF RAPID
CLIMATE CHANGE?

• Species and natural areas

(loss of habitat and species,
shift on ecological zones)

• Water Resource (change in

water supply and quality,
increased competition for
water), (Climate Change
http://imagizer.imageshack.us/a/img33/7906/goodef.jpg
Commission, no date)
 WHAT ARE THE MEASURES TO ADDRESS THE EFFECTS
AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
Phases of
Phases of
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CLIMATE CHANGE
AND MANAGEMENT ADAPTATION

ADAPTATION
Prevention and Mitigation Process of (human) adjustment to
actual or expected climate and its
effects in order to moderate harm of
Preparedness exploit beneficial opportunities
MITIGATION
Response Technological change and changes in
activities that reduce resource inputs and
emissions per unit of output, AND,
implementing policies to reduce
Recovery and Rehabilitation greenhouse gas emissions and enhance
(carbon) sinks
 WHAT CCA/M MEASURES CAN WE DO AS ORDINARY
PEOPLE OR AS A COMMUNITY?

• Change your incandescent

light bulbs with compact
fluorescent lights (CFLs)

• Turn off lights when not in use

• Have your cars regularly

checked for efficient engine
performance
 WHAT CCA/M MEASURES CAN WE DO AS ORDINARY
PEOPLE OR AS A COMMUNITY?
• Walk or use a bicycle when traveling short distances.
Take the public transport when going to some distant
place.

• Clean your refrigerator regularly. Do not set the

thermostat higher than necessary.

• Minimize or avoid the use of home appliances that

eat up too much
energy.
 WHAT CCA/M MEASURES CAN WE DO AS ORDINARY
PEOPLE OR AS A COMMUNITY?

• Use solar panels installed in your home. Use

electricity coming from renewable energy sources if
available in your area.

• Buy recycled products and actively create a market

for them. Before buying an item, check if the product
or its packaging is recyclable.

• Buy less, use less and reuse as

much as possible.
 WHAT CCA/M MEASURES CAN WE DO AS ORDINARY
PEOPLE OR AS A COMMUNITY?

DRRM and CCA/M endeavors should come from us,

from ordinary community members, LGU officials,
along with the most vulnerable sectors of our
community.
 SUMMARY

• Explain how the Philippines is prone to various

types of hazards because of our geographical
location and topographical features – being situated
in the Pacific Ring of Fire and in the busy typhoon
belt

• Define key concepts such as HAZARDS,

DISASTERS, EXPOSURE,VULNERABILITY,
CAPACITY, and DISASTER RISK
 SUMMARY

• Understand how not all hazards are disasters and

that they only become such when the damage is
extensive and the community has no or little
capacity to cope
END OF LESSON