BIOLOGY

Chapter 40: pp. 735 - 754 10th Edition

Hormones &

Sylvia S. Mader
Endocrine Systems
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Outline
 Endocrine Glands
 Pheromones
 Steroid Hormones
 Peptide Hormones
 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
 Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Adrenal
 Pancreas
 Gonads

2
Endocrine Gland
 The endocrine system functions differently
from the nervous system.
 An endocrine system consists of glands that
coordinate body activities through hormones
 Chemical signals are used between
individuals, between body parts, and between
cells
 Both the nervous system and the endocrine
system rely on negative feedback
mechanisms.
3
The Human Endocrine System
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HYPOTHALAMUS

Releasing and inhibiting hormones:

regulate the anterior pituitary

PITUITARY GLAND
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic (ADH):
water reabsorption by kidneys
Oxytocin: stimulates uterine
contraction and milk letdown

Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid stimulating (TSH):
stimulates thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH):
stimulates adrenal cortex
Gonadotropic (FSH, LH): egg and
sperm production; sex hormone PINEAL GLAND
production
Melatonin: controls
Prolactin (PL): milk production circadian and circannual
Growth (GH): bone growth, protein
synthesis, and cell division
PARA THYROIDS
Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
raises blood

parathyroid glands
THYROID (posterior surface
Thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine of thyroid)
(T3): increase metabolic rate;
regulates growth and development
Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium level

THYMUS
Thymosins: production and
maturation of T
ADRENAL GLAND lymphocytes
Adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids (cortisol):
raises blood glucose level;
stimulates breakdown of protein
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): PANCREAS
reabsorption of sodium and Insulin: lowers blood
excretion of potassium glucose level and
Sex hormones: reproductive organs promotes glycogen
and bring about sex characteristics
buildup
Adrenal medulla Glucagon: raises blood
Epinephrine and norepinephrine: glucose level and
active in emergency situations; promotes glycogen
raise blood glucose level breakdown

testis
(male)

GONADS
Testes
Androgens (testosterone):
male sex characteristics

Ovaries
Estrogens and progesterone:
female sex characteristics

ovary (female)

4
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Modes of Action of the Nervous and
Endocrine Systems
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liver cell
liver
insulin

receptor

b. Reception of insulin, a hormone

axon of
nerve fiber pancreas

arteriole

vesicle

axon terminal
neurotransmitter
receptor

a. Reception of a neurotransmitter

6
Chemical Signals
 Pheromones
 Chemical signals that work at a distance
between individuals
 A woman’s axillary extract can alter another
woman’s menstrual cycle
 Hormones
 Chemical signals that work
 At a distance between organs, or
 Locally between adjacent cells

7
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Target Cell Concept
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nontarget cell

receptors

target cells

hormone

capillary

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Action of Hormones
 Hormones
 Chemical signals produced by one cell that
regulate the metabolism of other cells
 Steroid Hormones
 Can cross cell membranes
 Peptide Hormones
 Most bind to receptor in plasma membrane
 First Messenger
 Causes internal release of cAMP
 Second Messenger

10
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Animation

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Peptide Hormone
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capillary

1. Hormone binds to a
receptor in the plasma
membrane.
peptide hormone
(first messenger)

activated receptor protein

enzyme

2. Binding leads to
activation of an
enzyme that changes
ATP to cAMP.

cAMP
ATP (second messenger)
plasma
membrane
3. cAMP activates an
enzyme cascade. glucose
(leaves cell
and goes
to blood)
4. Many molecules of
glycogen are broken
down to glucose, glycogen
which enters the
bloodstream.

13
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Steroid Hormone
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steroid
1. Hormone diffuses hormone
through plasma
membrane because plasma
it is lipid soluble. membrane

cytoplasm

nuclear
pore
nucleus

2. Hormone binds
to receptor inside
nucleus.

protein
receptor
DNA protein
mRNA ribosome

3. Hormone-receptor mRNA
complex activates
gene and synthesis
of a specific mRN 4. mRNA moves to
molecule. ribosomes, and protein
synthesis occurs.

15
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Animation

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Human Endocrine System
 Endocrine glands
 Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly
into the bloodstream
 Most endocrine hormones are peptides
 Only gonads and adrenal cortex produce steroid
hormones

 Effects of hormones are moderated in two ways

 Negative feedback opposes release
 Antagonistic hormones oppose each other’s actions

18
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
 Hypothalamus regulates internal environment
 Acts through autonomic system
 Also controls glandular secretions of pituitary gland
 Posterior Pituitary
 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
 Controlled by negative feedback
 Oxytocin
 Controlled by positive feedback
 Anterior Pituitary
 Hypothalamus controls by producing
 Hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and
 Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones

20
Hypothalamus and the Pituitary
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hypothalamus

1. Neurosecretory cells produce

hypothalamic-releasing and
hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones.

2. These hormones are secreted into

a portal system.

1. Neurosecretory cells produce ADH

and oxytocin. optic 3. Each type of hypothalamic
chiasm hormone either stimulates or
inhibits production and secretion
of an anterior pituitary hormone.
2. These hormones move down
axons to axon endings.
portal system
4. The anterior pituitary secretes
its hormones into the bloodstream,
whereby they are then delivered to
3. When appropriate, ADH and
specific cells, tissues, and glands.
oxytocin are secreted from axon
endings into the bloodstream.

Thyroid: Adrenal cortex:

thyroid-stimulating adrenocorticotropic
Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary hormone (TSH) hormone (ACTH)

Kidney tubules: Smooth muscle Mammary glands: Mammary glands: Bones, tissues: Ovaries, testes:
antidiuretic in uterus: oxytocin prolactin (PRL) growth hormone gonadotropic
hormone (ADH) oxytocin (GH) hormones (FSH, LH)

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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
 Anterior pituitary hormones that affect other
glands:
 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
 Gonadotropic Hormones
 Anterior pituitary hormones that do NOT affect
other glands
 Prolactin (PRL)
 Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
 Growth Hormone (GH)

22
Effect of Growth Hormone
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a. b.
a: © AP/Wide World Photos; b: © Ewing Galloway, Inc.

23
Acromegaly

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Age 9 Age 16 Age 33 Age 52

From Clinical Pathological Conference, "Acromegaly, Diabetes, Hypermetabolism, Proteinura and Heart Failure", American Journal of Medicine, 20 (1956) 133. Reprinted with permission from
Excerpta Medica Inc.

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Thyroid Glands
 Composed of large number of follicles filled with
 Triiodothyronine (T3), and
 Thyroxine (T4)
 Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate
 Thyroid-induced abnormalities
 Simple goiter - Poor hormone production
 Cretinism - Poor thyroid development
 Myxedema - Hypothyroidism
 Exophthalmic goiter - Hyperthyroidism

25
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Abnormalities of the thyroid

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affected eye

a. Simple goiter b. Congenital hypothyroidism c. Exophthalmic goiter

a: © Bruce Coleman, Inc./Alamy; b: © Medical-on-Line/Alamy; c: © Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Calcitonin
 Regulates blood calcium level (in part)
 Secreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium
level rises
 Brings about deposit of calcium in the bones
 Low calcium level in blood stimulates the release
of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
 Parathyroid hormone causes
 Phosphate level in blood to decrease, and
 Calcium level in blood to increase
 Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to
tetany

28
Regulation of Blood Calcium Level
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calcitonin

Thyroid gland
secretes
calcitonin
into blood. Bones
take up Ca2+
from blood.

Blood Ca2+
lowers.

Homeostasis (normal blood Ca2+)

Blood Ca2+
rises.
Parathyroid
glands
release PTH
into blood.

activated
vitamin D

parathyroid
hormone
(PTH)

Intestines Kidneys Bones

absorb Ca2+ reabsorb Ca2+ release Ca2+
from digestive from kidney into blood.
tract. tubules.

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Adrenal Glands
 Paired – One sits atop each kidney (ad-
renal)
 Each consists of outer cortex and inner
medulla
 Inner portion, the adrenal medulla
 Produces
 Epinephrine, and
 Norepinephrine
 Short-term response to stress (fight or flight)
 Outer portion, adrenal cortex
 Produces
 Mineralocorticoids, and
 Glucocorticoids
 Long-term response to stress

30
Adrenal Glands
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stress

hypothalamus

neurosecretory
cells produce Stress Response:
hypothalamic- Long Term
spinal cord
releasing
(cross section)
path of nerve hormone Glucocorticoids
impulses
Protein and fat metabolism
neuron
instead of glucose
cell body
breakdown.
anterior Reduction of inflammation;
pituitary immune cells are
sympathetic fibers secretes suppressed.
ACTH

ACTH Mineralocorticoids
epinephrine
norepinephrine Sodium ions and water
are reabsorbed by kidney.

Stress Response: Blood volume and

Short Term pressure increase.

Heartbeat and blood

pressure increase. glucocorticoids
Blood glucose level rises.
mineralocorticoids
Muscles become
energized.
adrenal medulla adrenal cortex

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Glucocorticoids

 Cortisol
 Raises blood glucose level
 Promotes breakdown of muscle proteins to
amino acids
 Promotes metabolism of fatty acids

 Counteracts inflammatory response

32
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Mineralocorticoids
 Aldosterone
 Promotes two renal functions:
 Absorption of sodium, and
 Excretion of potassium
 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
 Raises blood pressure
 Angiotensin II constricts arterioles
 Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium
(causing water retention)
 Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is
antagonistic to aldosterone

34
Regulation of Blood Pressure and Volume
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atrial natriuretic
hormone (ANH)

Heart secretes Kidneys excrete

atrial natriuretic Na+ and water
hormone (ANH) in urine.
into blood.

Blood pressure
lowers.

Homeostasis (normal blood pressure)

Blood pressure
rises.

Kidneys secrete
renin into blood.

Kidneys
reabsorb Na+ renin
and water from
kidney tubules.

angiotensin
aldosterone I and II

Adrenal cortex
secretes
aldosterone
into blood.

35
Addison Disease

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a. b.
a: © Custom Medical Stock Photos; b: © NMSB/Custom Medical Stock Photos

36
Cushing Syndrome
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(Both): Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis, Second Edition by Zitelli & Davis, 1992. Mosby-Wolfe Europe Limited, London, UK

37
Pancreas
 Made up of exocrine and endocrine tissue
 Endocrine Portion of the Pancreas:
 Consists of pancreatic islets
 Produce and secrete
 Insulin
 Secreted during high blood glucose level

 Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells

 Glucagon
 Secreted during low blood glucose level

 Stimulates liver to break down glycogen

 Exocrine Portion of the Pancreas:

 Secretes enzymes and buffers into intestine

38
Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
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insulin

Liver stores
glucose from
blood as
glycogen.
Pancreatic islet
of Langerhans

Muscle cells
store glycogen
and build protein.
After eating,
pancreas
secretes insulin
into blood.
Adipose tissue
uses glucose
from blood
to form fat.

Blood glucose
level lowers.

Homeostasis (normal blood glucose)

Before eating,
pancreas secretes
glucagon into
blood.

Liver breaks
down glycogen
to glucose.
Glucose enters
blood.

Pancreatic islet
of Langerhans
Adipose tissue
breaks down fat. glucagon

© Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy

39
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Other Endocrine Glands

 Gonads
 Testes
 Produce testosterone
 Secondary sex characteristics

 Ovaries
 Produce estrogen and progesterone
 Reproduction
 Secondary sex characteristics

41
The Effects of Anabolic Steroid Use

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balding in men and women; 'roid mania–

hair on face and chest in delusions and hallucinations;
women depression upon withdrawal

deepening of voice in women severe acne

breast enlargement in men

and breast reduction in women high blood cholesterol and
atherosclerosis; high blood
pressure and damage to heart
liver dysfunction
and cancer
in women, increased
size of ovaries;
kidney disease and cessation of ovulation
retention of fluids, and menstruation
called "steroid bloat"

stunted growth in
reduced testicular youngsters by pre-
size, low sperm count, maturely halting fusion
and impotency of the growth plates

42
Other Endocrine Glands
 Pineal Gland
 Produces melatonin
 Involved in Circadian rhythms
 Thymus Gland
 Secrete thymosins
 Aid in differentiation of lymphocytes
 Prostaglandins
 Produced within cells
 Not distributed in blood
43
Melatonin Production
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a. experimental

b. winter

6 P.M. 6 A.M.
c. summer
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./ Evelyn Jo Johnson, photographer

44
Review
 Endocrine Glands
 Pheromones
 Steroid Hormones
 Peptide Hormones
 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
 Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones
 Thyroid
 Parathyroid
 Adrenal
 Pancreas
 Gonads

45
 BIOLOGY
Chapter 40: pp. 735 - 754 10th Edition

Hormones &

Sylvia S. Mader
Endocrine Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(Caterpillar): © Doug Wechsler/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Moth): © Richard Kolar/Animals

Animals/Earth Scenes

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 46
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display